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The articles in the “Atomic and molecular physics for controlled fusion and astrophysics” special issue cover a wide range of topics in atomic and molecular physics in the context of hot plasmas. Basic atomic processes are of fundamental importance in confinement fusion and astrophysical environments, and also for ultrahigh–intensity interaction of lasers with matter. Atomic physics in extreme environments such as high pressures and hot or dense plasmas1,2 presents new challenges to the community, and these have to be addressed by both theoretical and experimental studies. Several extreme configurations are investigated in this special issue, which should be understood as an initiative to draw the attention of the community to important ongoing work in the context of extreme states of matter. This special issue presents eight articles from scientists actively working in this field and shows the important advances that have been made in basic atomic processes and related areas of plasma properties and plasma diagnosis over the last few years.