1.一个文学家的传记素描约瑟夫·卡尔玛(1898-1959)出生于奥匈帝国东北部的加利西亚,在那里人们使用德语、波兰语、罗马尼亚语和乌克兰语,其中犹太人大致占人口的三分之一,而在这些犹太人中也有人讲意第绪语。他出生于一个犹太人家庭,本名卡尔马斯,在切尔诺夫策(今乌克兰)上学,当时切尔诺夫策是布科维纳公国的首都。他的家人很可能是从俄罗斯占领区逃离的。他于1915年毕业于奥匈帝国素菲高中。他最早的文学作品是在13 1. A biographical sketch of a writer Josef Karmar (1898-1959) was born in Galicia, northeast of the Austro-Hungarian Empire where people use German, Polish, Romanian and Ukrainian, of which the Jewish population is approximately One-third, and some of these Jews also speak English. Born in a Jewish family, his real name, Kalmas, went to Chernivtsi (present-day Ukraine) where Chernivtsi was the capital of Bukovina. His family probably fled from the Russian occupation zone. He graduated from Austria-Hungary Imperial High School in 1915. His earliest literary work is at 13