Developing a highly active and durable non-noble metal catalyst for aqueous-phase levulinic acid (LA) hydrogenation to γ-valerolactone(GVL) is an appealing yet challenging task.Herein,we report well-dispersed Co nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon nanofibers as an efficient catalyst for aqueous-phase LA hydrogenation to GVL.The Co zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67)nanocrystals were anchored on the sodium dodecyl sulfate modified wipe fiber (WF-S),yielding one-dimensional (l-D) structured composite(ZIF-67/WF-S).Subsequently,Co NPs were uniformly embedded in nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon nanofibers (CoRNC/SMCNF) through a pyrolysis-reduction strategy using ZIF-67/WF-S as the precursor.Benefiting from introducing modified wipe fiber WF-S to enhance the dispersion of Co NPs,and Co0 with Co-Nx dual active sites,the resulting CoRNC/SMCNF catalyst shows brilliant catalytic activity (206 h-1 turnover frequency).Additionally,the strong metal-support interactions greatly inhibited the Co NPs from aggregation and leaching from the mesoporous carbon nanofibers,and thus increasing the reusability of the CoRNC/SMCNF catalyst (reusable nine times without notable activity loss).