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人民治黄以来，黄河流域修建了大量的蓄、引、提水工程，为黄河水资源的开发利用创造了良好的条件。１９９０年流域工农业总引用水４７８亿ｍ３，其中地下水１１４亿ｍ３，河川水３６４亿ｍ３，用水最多的是农业灌溉，工业及生活用水比重较小。据分析，２０００年水平全流域总需水量６４０亿ｍ３，年供水量为６２０亿ｍ３，缺水２０亿ｍ３；２０１０年水平全流域总需水量为７２３亿ｍ３，在满足下游输沙入海用水条件下，缺水６９亿ｍ３，水资源将成为流域经济发展的主要制约因素。缓解水资源供需矛盾的对策是：①兴建干流骨干工程；②全面厉行节约用水；③推广旱作农业；④加强水环境保护；⑤兴建西线南水北调工程。
Since the people’s rule of the Yellow River, a large number of storage, diversion and drainage projects have been constructed in the Yellow River Basin, which has created good conditions for the development and utilization of the Yellow River water resources. In 1990, the total quoted water of agriculture and industry in the basin was 47.8 billion m3, of which groundwater was 11.4 billion m3 and that of river water was 36.4 billion m3. The largest amount of water was irrigated by agriculture and the proportion of industrial and domestic water was relatively small. According to the analysis, the total water demand of the whole basin in 2000 is 64 billion m3, with annual water supply of 62 billion m3 and water shortage of 2 billion m3. In 2010, the total water demand of the whole basin is 72.3 billion m3. Under the water shortage of 6.9 billion m3, water resources will become the major constraints on the economic development of the basin. The countermeasures to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources are: (1) to build the backbone of the mainstream; (2) to fully implement the water conservation; (3) to promote the dry farming; (4) to strengthen the water environment protection; (5) to construct the West Route South-North Water Diversion Project.