在商业现代化的发展过程中,欧洲许多国家已从过去“制造导向”的传统观念转变成“市场导向”、“通路导向”,进而步入“顾客导向”的最高境界。他们究竟如何走过这段发展的历程?有什么值得供人借鉴的地方?以下是德、荷、英、法四国的考察纪要。 In the process of the commercial modernization, many European countries have changed from the traditional concept of “manufacturing orientation” to “market orientation” and “path guidance”, and thus entered the highest level of “customer orientation.” How do they go through the course of development? What is worth learning from? The following are the minutes of the survey conducted by Germany, the Netherlands, Britain and France.