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许多发展中国家呈现一种与其城市化水平并不相称的城市高度集中现象。从人口过剩、拥堵以及生产力发展的角度而言,城市高度集中的代价是非常高昂的。一种理论文献指出,城市高度集中可能是限制性贸易政策所引发的集聚力量的结果。然而,另一种理论文献指出,贸易自由化本身会通过促进可更好联结国际市场的大型城市中心的发展,使得城市集中进一步加剧。目前,判断这一问题的实证依据仍相对较弱;现有文献中,贸易政策的衡量不足(或者不合逻辑地使用贸易量衡量贸易政策)。这里,我们借助新的关税分解方法对这一假设进行实证检验。我们还借助贸易自由化和贸易非自由化国家的城市在实施贸易自由化前后的表现作为对照组和实验组进行了分析。我们发现(控制了有港口的最大城市,能够更容易进入外部市场)贸易自由化会降低城市集中度。
Many developing countries present a highly urban concentration of cities that is not commensurate with their level of urbanization. From the perspective of overpopulation, congestion and productivity growth, the high cost of urban concentration is very high. A theoretical literature suggests that a high concentration of cities may be the result of the agglomeration forces emanating from restrictive trade policies. Yet another theorical literature suggests that trade liberalization itself will further concentration the city by promoting the development of large urban centers that better link international markets. At present, the empirical evidence for judging this issue is still relatively weak. In the existing literature, trade policy is not measured well (or the trade volume is illogical to measure trade policy). Here, we use the new method of tariff decomposition to test this hypothesis. We also use the performance of cities in both trade liberalization and non-liberalization of trade as control and experimental groups before and after the implementation of trade liberalization. We find that (controlling the largest cities with ports and having easier access to external markets), trade liberalization can reduce urban concentration.