一、世界现代化运动的图景“现代化”一词流行的历史大约还不过几十年,但现代化运动的事实却存在好几个世纪了。诚然,关于“现代化”和“现代”,不同的学派,不同的学者,往往有不同的定义,学术界几十年来为此问题一直缠讼不休。我自己倾向于把“现代化”看成是从欧洲文艺复兴开始而至今尚未完成的一个人类社会发展阶段。自从人类出现以后,人类文明史上发生了两次巨变。第一次巨变是从“文明前期社会”(或称“原始社会”)变为“文明社会”,第二次巨变是从“文明社会”变为“文明后期社会”(或称“现代社 I. The World’s Modernization Movement The history of the word “modernization” has been around for decades, but the facts of the modernization movement have existed for centuries. It is true that there are often different definitions about “modernization” and “modernity” among different schools and scholars. The academic circles have been suing for this issue for decades. I myself tend to regard “modernization” as a phase of human social development that has not yet been completed since the beginning of the European Renaissance. Since the emergence of mankind, two great changes have taken place in the history of human civilization. The first major change was from “pre-civilized society” (or “primitive society”) to “civilized society”, and the second major change was from “civilized society” to “post-civilized society” (or "modern society