1 文艺起源问题无疑是文艺学中最烦难的问题之一,它所探讨的是一个在历史攸远的年代中发生的事件。也许正是因为问题的烦难性,才更加引发了人们的强烈的求知兴趣。千万年来,为了揭穿文艺起源的奥秘,人们一直没有停止过苦苦的求索,提出了一个又一个的理论。尽管由于原始材料的相对匮乏,这些理论从总体上看都不可避免得带有攻多攻少的思辩色彩和假想性质,但这并不意味着文艺起源的研究投有光明的前途。如果我们能尽量全面地利用现有的材料,并广泛地汲取各种理论的合理性,那么,使这种研究达到一种接近科学性的水平,还是极有可能的。 古希腊以降,在人们提出的诸种文艺起源论中,比较有影响的是“模仿论”、“游戏论”、“巫术论”和“劳动论”。概括起来说,前两种理论偏重于强调内在的的心理因素,后两种理论偏重于强调外在的社会因素。 建国以后,我们一直奉行的是“劳动论”并将其视为马克思主义的正宗理论。近10年来,在思想解放运动的推动下,人们对文艺起源问题进行了重新探索。除了坚持原有的“劳动论”外,又出现了许多新的观点,其中最有影响的是一种“综合论”的观点。 “综合论”并不完全排斥“劳动论”,它只是把文艺起源中的劳动因素的唯一性降低为多元中的一元,并给予其他的非劳动因素(模仿、游 The question of the origin of literature and art is undoubtedly one of the most troublesome problems in the study of literature and art. What it explores is an event that has taken place in the long history of the world. Perhaps it is precisely because of the problem of the difficulties, it triggered a more intense interest in seeking knowledge. For thousands of years, in order to expose the mystery of the origins of literature and art, people have never stopped searching painstakingly and put forward one after another theories. Although these theories generally can not avoid the speculative and hypothetical nature of attacks due to the relative lack of raw materials, this does not mean that there is a bright future for the study of literary origins. If we can make full use of the available materials and draw extensively on the rationale of various theories, it is highly probable that this research be brought to a level close to science. Ancient Greece to reduce, in people’s various origins of literary theory, the more influential “imitation theory”, “game theory”, “witchcraft theory” and “labor theory.” To summarize, the first two theories emphasize the psychological factors that emphasize the intrinsic ones, and the latter two theories emphasize the external social factors. Since the founding of the People’s Republic, we have been pursuing “labor theory” and regarded it as the authentic theory of Marxism. In the past 10 years, under the impetus of the ideological liberation movement, people have re-explored the origin of literature and art. Apart from upholding the original “labor theory,” many new ideas have emerged. The most influential one is the view of “comprehensive theory.” The “comprehensive theory” does not completely exclude “labor theory”. It merely reduces the uniqueness of the labor factor in the origin of literature and art to one dollar of the pluralism and gives other non-labor factors (imitation, travel