晚年马克思以高度的实践自觉和理论自觉顺应革命形势的新要求,实现了文化批判方式的重大转变,即从“一直向前冲”到“退回书斋”。这一转变具体体现在:一是将之前的“投身工人运动为主+退回书斋为辅”的文化批判方式调整转变为“退回书斋为主+投身工人运动为辅”的文化批判方式;二是将学术视角由“钻研经济”为主的经济学研究调整转变为钻研“历史资料”为主的人类学研究。而究其具体动因主要有三:一是为《资本论》的后续写作计划“备料打桩”;二是为东方社会革命寻找具体道路;三是打造世界历史理论,丰富唯物史观。 In his later years, Marx realized a great change in the way of cultural criticism with a high degree of practical consciousness and the theory that his theory complied with the new requirements of the revolutionary situation, that is, from “going all the way forward” to “returning books.” The change is reflected in the following two aspects: First, it is necessary to change the cultural criticism of the previous “devoting themselves to the worker’s movement to the supplement of the books” into a cultural criticism of “returning books and supplemented by workers’ movements” The second is to change the academic angle of view from the “economic research” to the anthropological research based on “historical data”. However, there are three main motivations: one is the follow-up writing plan for “capitalism”; the other is to find concrete ways for the eastern social revolution; the other is to build the theory of world history and enrich the historical materialism.