在20世纪西方诸多文学思潮、派别中,人文主义与科学主义可以说是相互对立、排斥的两大营垒。它们之间不仅存在思维方式、研究方法的区别,而且研究领域也不同。如果说,人文主义研究的是“存在”,那么,科学主义所研究的则是“存在者”。人文主义与科学主义的文学本质观是迥然而别的。科学主义(诸如形式主义、新批评、结构主义、叙述学等)将文学视作由语言构成的确定“客体”,基于此,它努力用科学的逻辑分析的方法揭示文学的语言特点、结构特点及其他。尽管文学可以并应该是“多义的”,但这种“多义”也是由文本的结构特点、语义特点所决定的,仍可以作出科学的分析、界定。对于人文主义,文学则成为人的存在方式,人的精神家园,是人能 In the 20th century many literary trends and factions in the West, humanism and scientism can be said to be two opposing camps. There are not only the ways of thinking between them, the differences between research methods, but also the different research fields. If we say that the study of humanism is “existence,” then what scientism is studying is the “being.” The literary nature of humanism and scientism is quite different. Based on this, science endeavors to reveal literature’s linguistic and structural features by means of scientific and logical analysis (such as formalism, new criticism, structuralism and narratology) and others. Although literature can and should be “polysemous,” this kind of “polysemy” is also determined by the structural and semantic features of the text, and can still be scientifically analyzed and defined. For humanism, literature has become the way of human existence, human spiritual home, is human beings