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转形问题,即价值向生产价格转化问题。作为马克思经济学研究中的一个百年难题,源自1894年出版的《资本论》第3卷,1907年由德国统计学家鲍特凯维兹对其计算方法进行了探索之后而为世人所瞩目。围绕这一问题在20世纪50年代和70年代曾发生过两次世界性大论战。转形问题成立与否是一个事关马克思经济学生死攸关的根本问题。因为如果转形问题不能成立,意味着导致李嘉图体系解体的两大矛盾之一(价值规律与“等量资本获得等量利润”的矛盾)没有被解决,从而马克思主义经济学将成为没有价值理论的经济学。这意味着什么,大家都应该是清楚的。转形问题的难点在于如何证明成本价格的生产价格化以后“总计一致2命题”(即转形后平均利润总额等于剩余价值总额,并且生产价格总额等于价值总额)是否能够同时成立。本文指出,实现这一点,在数学上并不困难。实际上,这一问题早在2000年就由BSZ转形模型解决了。转形问题之所以成为一个百年难题,不过是由于人们的一些并不重要的误解而造成的。
Transformation problem, that is, the issue of value to production price conversion. As a century-old puzzle in the study of Marx’s economics, it originated from the third volume of Capital, published in 1894, which was noticed by the world after it was explored by the German statistician Bartkiewitz in 1907 . Around this issue there have been two major world debates in the 1950s and 1970s. The establishment of a transitional issue is a fundamental issue that concerns the economic and life-threatening aspects of Marxism. Because if the problem of transformation can not be established, it means that one of the two major contradictions that led to the dissolution of the Ricardo system (the conflict between the law of value and the “equal amount of capital” for the equivalent amount of capital) has not been solved and that Marxist economics will become Economics of Value Theory. What this means, everyone should be clear. The difficulty of the transformation problem lies in how to prove whether the production price of the cost price can be simultaneously set up after the total consistent proposition (ie, the total average profit after the transformation equals the total residual value and the total production value equals the total value). This paper points out that to achieve this, it is not difficult in mathematics. In fact, this problem was solved as early as 2000 by the BSZ transformation model. The reason why the problem of transformation has become a century-old puzzle has arisen only because of some insignificant misunderstandings.