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可被多种病原体栖居或穿越的人体粘膜总表面积超过４００ｍ２，为皮肤表面积的２００倍或更多。幸运的是，生物体已建立了一套非专一的和专一的防御机制，以保护这片脆弱的防线。前者就是上皮屏障（ｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｂａｒｒｉｅｒ），后者就是局部免疫（ｌｏｃａｌｉｍｍ
The total body surface area of human mucosa that can be drowned or traversed by various pathogens exceeds 400 m2, which is 200 times or more the surface area of the skin. Fortunately, the organism has established a non-specific and specific defense mechanism to protect this fragile line of defense. The former is the epithelial barrier and the latter is localimm