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Traditionally， Chinese people are expected to support their parents during retirement. But filial piety cannot mollify parents who have lost their only child. After more than 30 years of the family planning policy， aging parents bereft of an only child are becoming an increasingly visible group in China shouldering an unimaginably dreadful emotional and financial burden.
“They are too old to have another child. During big festivals when extended families reunite， they intentionally avoid these reunions so as not to think of their deceased children. However， memories of their beloved children’s laughter and happy moments keep haunting them and always make them teary，” said Huang Xihua， a deputy to the National People’s Congress（NPC）， China’s top legislature， when talking about her suggestion submitted to the NPC session in March asking that the government build retirement facilities for senior citizens who lost their only child.
Huang is also the head of Tourism Bureau of Huizhou City in south China’s Guangdong Province， and on her third con- secutive term as an NPC deputy.
She submitted 23 suggestions at the NPC session. Of these suggestions， six are about China’s family planning policies： building retirement facilities for senior citizens who survive their only child； relaxing single-child restrictions； abolishing family planning service certificates； abolishing compulsory maintenance of intrauterine devices and mandatory check-ups on pregnancy status； abolishing regulations that deny a family’s change of household registration locality for disobeying family planning policies； and revising the Population and Family Planning Law.
“I started to observe and study China’s population and family planning policies in 2010，” Huang told Beijing Review， adding that parents surviving their only child are without a doubt a marginalized social group created in part by these policies.
China adopted a policy encouraging family planning in the 1970s， but a state policy prohibiting additional births was not formalized until 1982. Although most urban couples can only have one child， rural couples are allowed a second if the first is a girl or suffers from certain disabilities. At the turn of the 21st century， the country allowed couples who are both only children to have a second child as well.
Loss and loneliness
What brought Huang’s attention to the wellbeing of parents who lost their single child was a magazine article about the Heart-Connecting Society in Wuhan， central China’s Hubei Province， a self-help organization for parents whose only child had passed away. Founded in September 2007， the organization has provided crisis intervention to alleviate the pain of bereaved parents. “Reading this story， I was moved by the enormous misery suffered by these parents. Losing a child is the greatest agony in life，”Huang said. However， what inspired Huang to submit suggestions on the welfare of these childless parents was a telephone call she answered before she came to Beijing to attend the NPC session.
When Huang answered calls to a hotline for public complaints， she had a 20-minute conversation with a woman whose only son was killed in a traffic accident. The anonymous caller told Huang that she followed the family planning policies and aborted her second pregnancy.
However， her son died in 2004 when she was 52 years old. She and her husband were too old to adopt another child.
“The grief also drove the couple mad during the first year after the young man’s death. Struggling with the enormous loss over an extended period of time， both of them ended up suffering from numerous illnesses， which can be attributed to their psychological pain，” Huang said.
The woman went on to tell Huang that she had been recently diagnosed with cancer and was living on a monthly pension of a little more than 2，000 yuan （$323） and she wanted Huang to suggest raising the state allowance for surviving parents during the NPC session. “Now the Central Government only disburses 150 yuan （$24） per month per person to parents who lost their only child. It is too little，” Huang said.
The woman also expressed concerns about her husband’s life after she died. She worried that nobody could sign consent forms for him as a family member when he needed hospitalization， surgery or admittance to a nursing home. Later， the husband called Huang through the hotline. He broke into tears asking the same question over and over： “What can we do？”
“We need to give more care to this special group， which is getting bigger，” Huang said.
The Beijing News reported that China had at least 1 million families whose only child died prematurely in 2012 and the num- ber grows by 76，000 a year. Demographer Yi Fuxian said that China now has around 218 million only children and 10.09 million of them will die before turning 25， which would cause endless pain for their families.
“The bereaved parents suffer from unimaginable loss and agony，” Hu Qiang， another NPC deputy， told Beijing Review.
Through research， Huang found out from the local population and family planning authorities in Huizhou that parents who lost their only child are entitled to a one-time aid disbursement of 10，000 yuan （$1，600）， but very few parents came to collect it.“Nobody is willing to go through procedures to tear open the deepest scar in their hearts again，” Huang said. In comparison， she said， many more parents whose only child became handicapped applied for government aid. According to Huang， the health conditions of childless senior citizens are generally much worse than their peers. The grief， desperation and sometimes guilt for losing children often eat them up inside， making them more prone to cancer， cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases， and depression.
The loss is not only of the present relationship but also of future hopes and dreams. When an only child dies， aspirations of a wedding， a daughter- or son-in-law， and the possibility of ever becoming a grandparent are lost.
“These people often isolate themselves from others. During holidays， they are reluctant to visit family or friends as such occasions could trigger their recollections of their own children and they don’t want their sadness to spoil the festive atmosphere，”Huang said.
More support needed
“The government should shoulder the living expenses for senior citizens whose only child passes away，” said Ma Xu， an NPC deputy and head of a research institute under the former National Population and Family Planning Commission.
In accordance with a cabinet reshuffling program adopted at this year’s NPC session， China has set up the National Health and Family Planning Commission by merging the former Ministry of Health with the National Population and Family Planning Commission.
Huang said that the government should do more for these elderly people as they made sacrifices for the country. Inspired by the practice of the Heart-Connecting Society in Wuhan， she suggested that childless parents should live in their own retirement communities， because visits by their roommates’ or neighbors’ children at regular retirement communities might conjure up unhappy memories of their departed children.
Living together would also give these parents opportunities to share experiences and encourage each other， just like self-help organizations for cancer survivors.
In Huang’s suggestion to the NPC， she wrote that family planning departments or residents’ communities should become legal guardians of people surviving their only child after they reach a certain age and provide nursing services for them if necessary. She also suggested that the government should design special pension， medical insurance and aid schemes for these families.
Currently， these parents in China have set up their own online chat groups and websites and meet offline to visit the gravesites of one another’s children for anniversaries and birthdays. Huang said that civil affairs departments should establish a special branch to offer free psychotherapy to parents stuck in mourning. “A living allowance for bereaved parents should be increased. Parents who lose their only child in their 40s or 50s are in pain as it is difficult for them to have another child，”Hu said. He suggested that the age-based subsidy scheme implemented in Jiangxi Province， where he comes from， should be introduced nationwide.
Hu said that under Jiangxi’s scheme， if the parents are under 40 when their child dies， the government subsidizes necessary check-ups and fertility treatment for the couple to have another child； couples who lose their only child after reaching 40 are entitled to a government living allowance of 360 yuan （$58） per couple per month between 40 and 48 years of age， which rises to 600 yuan （$97） per month between 49 and 59 and to 1，000 yuan （$161） after reaching 60.
Ma said that all local governments are raising their living allowance standards for parents bereft of their only child and the newly amended Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly stipulates that these people are entitled to government aid and assistance.
Many people call for the government to relax single-child restrictions to reduce the number of bereaved parents. In complete agreement， Huang wrote in her suggestion that single-child families face a greater risk of becoming childless.
In provinces and municipalities such as Jilin， Liaoning， Jiangsu， Anhui， Fujian， Tianjin and Shanghai， the government has introduced pilot programs to add more exceptions to the one-child policy. For example， rural families where either parent is an only child are allowed to have a second child.
Many people are eager to know when the barrier to having a second child will be removed entirely. The least terse response comes from Wang Pei’an， Vice Minister of the former National Population and Family Planning Commission， who told the media on the sidelines of the NPC session， “Only time will tell.”
“They are too old to have another child. During big festivals when extended families reunite， they intentionally avoid these reunions so as not to think of their deceased children. However， memories of their beloved children’s laughter and happy moments keep haunting them and always make them teary，” said Huang Xihua， a deputy to the National People’s Congress（NPC）， China’s top legislature， when talking about her suggestion submitted to the NPC session in March asking that the government build retirement facilities for senior citizens who lost their only child.
Huang is also the head of Tourism Bureau of Huizhou City in south China’s Guangdong Province， and on her third con- secutive term as an NPC deputy.
She submitted 23 suggestions at the NPC session. Of these suggestions， six are about China’s family planning policies： building retirement facilities for senior citizens who survive their only child； relaxing single-child restrictions； abolishing family planning service certificates； abolishing compulsory maintenance of intrauterine devices and mandatory check-ups on pregnancy status； abolishing regulations that deny a family’s change of household registration locality for disobeying family planning policies； and revising the Population and Family Planning Law.
“I started to observe and study China’s population and family planning policies in 2010，” Huang told Beijing Review， adding that parents surviving their only child are without a doubt a marginalized social group created in part by these policies.
China adopted a policy encouraging family planning in the 1970s， but a state policy prohibiting additional births was not formalized until 1982. Although most urban couples can only have one child， rural couples are allowed a second if the first is a girl or suffers from certain disabilities. At the turn of the 21st century， the country allowed couples who are both only children to have a second child as well.
Loss and loneliness
What brought Huang’s attention to the wellbeing of parents who lost their single child was a magazine article about the Heart-Connecting Society in Wuhan， central China’s Hubei Province， a self-help organization for parents whose only child had passed away. Founded in September 2007， the organization has provided crisis intervention to alleviate the pain of bereaved parents. “Reading this story， I was moved by the enormous misery suffered by these parents. Losing a child is the greatest agony in life，”Huang said. However， what inspired Huang to submit suggestions on the welfare of these childless parents was a telephone call she answered before she came to Beijing to attend the NPC session.
When Huang answered calls to a hotline for public complaints， she had a 20-minute conversation with a woman whose only son was killed in a traffic accident. The anonymous caller told Huang that she followed the family planning policies and aborted her second pregnancy.
However， her son died in 2004 when she was 52 years old. She and her husband were too old to adopt another child.
“The grief also drove the couple mad during the first year after the young man’s death. Struggling with the enormous loss over an extended period of time， both of them ended up suffering from numerous illnesses， which can be attributed to their psychological pain，” Huang said.
The woman went on to tell Huang that she had been recently diagnosed with cancer and was living on a monthly pension of a little more than 2，000 yuan （$323） and she wanted Huang to suggest raising the state allowance for surviving parents during the NPC session. “Now the Central Government only disburses 150 yuan （$24） per month per person to parents who lost their only child. It is too little，” Huang said.
The woman also expressed concerns about her husband’s life after she died. She worried that nobody could sign consent forms for him as a family member when he needed hospitalization， surgery or admittance to a nursing home. Later， the husband called Huang through the hotline. He broke into tears asking the same question over and over： “What can we do？”
“We need to give more care to this special group， which is getting bigger，” Huang said.
The Beijing News reported that China had at least 1 million families whose only child died prematurely in 2012 and the num- ber grows by 76，000 a year. Demographer Yi Fuxian said that China now has around 218 million only children and 10.09 million of them will die before turning 25， which would cause endless pain for their families.
“The bereaved parents suffer from unimaginable loss and agony，” Hu Qiang， another NPC deputy， told Beijing Review.
Through research， Huang found out from the local population and family planning authorities in Huizhou that parents who lost their only child are entitled to a one-time aid disbursement of 10，000 yuan （$1，600）， but very few parents came to collect it.“Nobody is willing to go through procedures to tear open the deepest scar in their hearts again，” Huang said. In comparison， she said， many more parents whose only child became handicapped applied for government aid. According to Huang， the health conditions of childless senior citizens are generally much worse than their peers. The grief， desperation and sometimes guilt for losing children often eat them up inside， making them more prone to cancer， cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases， and depression.
The loss is not only of the present relationship but also of future hopes and dreams. When an only child dies， aspirations of a wedding， a daughter- or son-in-law， and the possibility of ever becoming a grandparent are lost.
“These people often isolate themselves from others. During holidays， they are reluctant to visit family or friends as such occasions could trigger their recollections of their own children and they don’t want their sadness to spoil the festive atmosphere，”Huang said.
More support needed
“The government should shoulder the living expenses for senior citizens whose only child passes away，” said Ma Xu， an NPC deputy and head of a research institute under the former National Population and Family Planning Commission.
In accordance with a cabinet reshuffling program adopted at this year’s NPC session， China has set up the National Health and Family Planning Commission by merging the former Ministry of Health with the National Population and Family Planning Commission.
Huang said that the government should do more for these elderly people as they made sacrifices for the country. Inspired by the practice of the Heart-Connecting Society in Wuhan， she suggested that childless parents should live in their own retirement communities， because visits by their roommates’ or neighbors’ children at regular retirement communities might conjure up unhappy memories of their departed children.
Living together would also give these parents opportunities to share experiences and encourage each other， just like self-help organizations for cancer survivors.
In Huang’s suggestion to the NPC， she wrote that family planning departments or residents’ communities should become legal guardians of people surviving their only child after they reach a certain age and provide nursing services for them if necessary. She also suggested that the government should design special pension， medical insurance and aid schemes for these families.
Currently， these parents in China have set up their own online chat groups and websites and meet offline to visit the gravesites of one another’s children for anniversaries and birthdays. Huang said that civil affairs departments should establish a special branch to offer free psychotherapy to parents stuck in mourning. “A living allowance for bereaved parents should be increased. Parents who lose their only child in their 40s or 50s are in pain as it is difficult for them to have another child，”Hu said. He suggested that the age-based subsidy scheme implemented in Jiangxi Province， where he comes from， should be introduced nationwide.
Hu said that under Jiangxi’s scheme， if the parents are under 40 when their child dies， the government subsidizes necessary check-ups and fertility treatment for the couple to have another child； couples who lose their only child after reaching 40 are entitled to a government living allowance of 360 yuan （$58） per couple per month between 40 and 48 years of age， which rises to 600 yuan （$97） per month between 49 and 59 and to 1，000 yuan （$161） after reaching 60.
Ma said that all local governments are raising their living allowance standards for parents bereft of their only child and the newly amended Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly stipulates that these people are entitled to government aid and assistance.
Many people call for the government to relax single-child restrictions to reduce the number of bereaved parents. In complete agreement， Huang wrote in her suggestion that single-child families face a greater risk of becoming childless.
In provinces and municipalities such as Jilin， Liaoning， Jiangsu， Anhui， Fujian， Tianjin and Shanghai， the government has introduced pilot programs to add more exceptions to the one-child policy. For example， rural families where either parent is an only child are allowed to have a second child.
Many people are eager to know when the barrier to having a second child will be removed entirely. The least terse response comes from Wang Pei’an， Vice Minister of the former National Population and Family Planning Commission， who told the media on the sidelines of the NPC session， “Only time will tell.”