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“塿土”是关中平原现代地表广泛覆盖的农业土壤,也是历史上对土壤资源持续利用与改良的产物。我国古代先民在长期的农业生产实践中积累了大量识土、用土、改土、养土的经验,并被广泛记录于古代农书及有关农业生产的文献中。文章通过对先秦至两汉时期古农书及相关文献中土壤信息的提取和整理,结合现代土壤学的研究成果,分析了秦汉时期关中平原农耕土壤环境及其土壤资源的利用与改良。研究表明,秦汉时期关中平原地表土壤尽管为全国优良的土壤类型,但土壤质地不良,水分、养分供给不足,盐碱化等因素也导致了土壤的适耕性减弱。秦汉时期精耕细作的治土和治田过程使关中平原农耕土壤环境得到极大改善,在土壤质地、结构、水分、养分等方面均有所表现,促使了关中平原自然土壤向农业土壤的迅速转变。
Soil is a kind of agricultural soil widely covered by the modern surface of the Guanzhong Plain and also the product of the continuous utilization and improvement of soil resources in history. Ancient Chinese ancestors in the long-term practice of agricultural production has accumulated a lot of soil and water, soil, soil and soil conservation experience, and is widely documented in ancient agricultural books and agricultural production literature. This paper analyzes the utilization and improvement of agricultural soil environment and its soil resources in Guanzhong Plain during the Qin and Han Dynasties through the extraction and collation of soil information in ancient agricultural books and related literature from Pre-Qin to Han Dynasties and the research results of modern soil science. The results show that although the surface soil in Guanzhong plain during the Qin and Han dynasties is an excellent soil type in China, its poor soil texture, inadequate supply of water and nutrients, and salinization also contributed to the weakening of soil suitability. During the Qin and Han dynasties, intensive and meticulous soil and field control improved the agricultural soil environment in the Guanzhong Plain greatly, showing its effects on soil texture, structure, water content and nutrients, and promoted the rapid transformation of natural soils in the Guanzhong plain to agricultural soils.