在不同国家和地区,驱使校外培训的力量并不相同。归纳而言,这些力量,或者源自根深蒂固的文化,或者出于教师改善生活的需要,或者因为日益残酷的社会竞争,或者迫于质量下滑的主流教育。奥地利校外培训大多采用一对一的“家庭作坊”形式,提供者是大学生、退休人员和在职教师。公务员条例明确禁止教师校外辅导自己学校的学生。 In different countries and regions, the forces driving off-school training are not the same. In summary, these forces are derived either from deep-rooted cultures or from teachers’ need to improve their lives, or through increasingly brutal social competition or forced mainstream education to decline in quality. Austrian out-of-school training is mostly in the form of one-on-one “family workshops,” offered to college students, retirees and serving teachers. The Civil Service Regulations explicitly prohibit teachers from tutoring students in their own schools.