By the analyses of Guliya ice core on the Tibetan Plateau, it was found that the calcium (Ca2+) originated from the terrestrial source is the main cation of soluble aerosol and a good proxy of the atmospheric component and environment in the mountain ice core located in the mid-low latitude arid regions. Evident variation of Ca2+ concentration has been found in the Guliya ice core since the Last Interglaciation with two relatively strong increase periods and two weak increase periods. These variations are generally related to climatic changes: high Ca2+ concentration periods coincide with cold periods and low Ca2+ concentration periods coincide with warm periods. However, Ca2+ concentration does not always decrease (increase) with climate warming (cooling). The magnitude and phase of Ca2+ concentration does not always match temperature either. The changes of atmospheric circulation, land surface condition and atmospheric humidity might be important factors which influence Ca2+ concentration besides temperature.