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【摘要】 目的:分析老年贫血患者合并脑梗死的发病机制和危险因素。方法:选取380例神经内科及老年科治疗的≥60周岁的老年脑梗死患者为研究对象,根据入院时血红蛋白结果分为贫血性脑梗死组113例和非贫血性脑梗死组267例,对患者的病史、入院情况及相关检查等13个因素进行单因素分析,并将有意义的单因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果:对贫血性脑梗死与非贫血性脑梗死患者中可能相关的13个因素进行比较,发现年龄、性别、NIHSS评分、冠心病病史、慢性肾衰竭、出血性脑血管病病史、吸烟及饮酒组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);将有意义的单因素纳入多因素回归分析,提示年龄(OR 1.03;95%CI 1.01-1.05)、慢性肾衰竭(OR 1.42;95%CI 1.03-1.92)及出血性脑血管病病史(OR 3.42;95%CI 1.18-9.43)是老年贫血合并脑梗死的独立危险因素。结论:与非贫血性脑梗死相比,年龄、慢性肾衰竭及出血性脑血管病病史为老年贫血合并脑梗死的独立危险因素。
【关键词】 脑梗死; 贫血; 老年; 危险因素
【Abstract】 Objective:To analyze the pathogenesis and risk factors of cerebral infarction in elderly patients with anemia Method:380 elderly patients with anemia combined with cerebral infarction were selected as the research object, according to the result of hemoglobin on admission, they were divided into the anemia cerebral infarction group (113 cases) and non anemia cerebral infarction group (267 cases), the history and the relevant examination 13 factors such as the single factor analysis, and place the meaningful single factor in the multi-factor Logistic regression analysis.Result:13 risk factors were compared among the anemia group in patients with cerebral infarction and nor anemia group, and we found that age, gender, NIHSS score, history of coronary heart disease, chronic renal failure, hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease history, smoking and drinking difference between groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, age (OR 1.03; 95%CI 1.01-1.05), chronic renal failure (OR 1.42; 95%CI 1.03-1.92) and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease history (OR 3.42; 95%CI 1.18-9.43) is independent risk factors for cerebral infarction.Conclusion:Compared with non anemia cerebral infarction group, age, history of chronic renal failure and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease were the independent risk factors for cerebral infarction.
【Key words】 Cerebral infarction; Anemia; Old; Risk factors
First-author’s address:Liaoning Province Jinqiu Hospital,Shenyang 110016,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2015.09.001
我国现已进入老龄化社会,老年脑血管病的发病率明显升高,尤其是缺血性脑血管病,严重危害老年人的身心健康。脑梗死的常见病因为高血压病、脑动脉硬化、糖尿病等,近年研究学者们又发现贫血与脑梗死的相关性。但是,由贫血而引起的脑梗死尚未引起更多的临床医生的注意。因此,掌握其危险因素,对于防治贫血性脑梗死具有重要的临床意义。本研究比较分析老年贫血合并脑梗死与非贫血性脑梗死的发病机制及相关危险因素,为针对性治疗老年贫血合并脑梗死提供参考依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选择2013年5月-2014年10月在本院老年科及神经内科住院的脑梗死患者380例,男149例,女231例,年龄60~96岁,平均(75.43±8.61)岁,均为急性发病,所有患者均符合《中国脑血管病防治指南》诊断标准,并经头颅CT或MRI证实,均除外心源性脑栓塞、短暂性脑缺血发作、急性感染、严重营养不良、肿瘤及精神疾病病史等。根据血红蛋白(hemoglobin, HGB)结果将患者分为贫血性脑梗死组113例和非贫血性脑梗死组267例,两组患者的一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。 1.2 研究方法 记录患者的性别、年龄、入院NIHSS评分及既往病史等基础资料,以及可能影响脑梗死的危险因素,包括高血压病史、糖尿病病史、高脂血症、房颤、冠心病病史、慢性肾衰竭、缺血性脑血管病病史、出血性脑血管病病史、吸烟及饮酒。比较两组患者中每个危险因素的阳性例数或平均数,关于老年贫血的诊断,国内目前尚无统一标准,笔者采用实验诊断学(北京:人民卫生出版社,2014)作为诊断老年贫血的标准,其诊断老年贫血的标准为HGB≤110 g/L[1]。NIHSS(美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表,National Institute of Health stroke scale)评分分级如下:轻度(0~6分),中度(7~15分),重度(≥16分)。吸烟标准为每日至少1支,时间超过1年,饮酒标准为平均每日饮白酒至少50 g,且时间超过1年。
1.3 统计学处理 所有数据均应用SPSS 13.0统计软件包进行统计学分析,计量资料以(x±s)表示,组间比较用t检验,计数资料采用 字2检验比较,先进行单因素分析,对有意义的单因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组相关因素的单因素分析 对于两组患者中可能相关的13个因素进行比较分析,发现性别、平均年龄、NIHSS评分、冠心病病史、慢性肾衰竭、出血性脑血管病病史、吸烟及饮酒组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),贫血性脑梗死组和非贫血性脑梗死组患者比较,女性比例更高、年龄更大、NIHSS评分更高、冠心病病史比例、慢性肾衰竭和出血性脑血管病病史比例更高、而吸烟及饮酒比例较低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 贫血性脑梗死组的多因素Logistic回归分析 将有意义的性别、平均年龄、NIHSS评分、冠心病病史、慢性肾衰竭、出血性脑血管病病史、吸烟及饮酒等单因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析结果,年龄(OR 1.03;95%CI 1.01-1.05)、慢性肾衰竭(OR 1.42;95%CI 1.03-1.92)及出血性脑血管病病史(OR 3.42;95%CI 1.18-9.43)是老年贫血合并脑梗死的独立危险因素。见表2。
3 讨论
随着社会的发展和医疗体系的不断完善,人们对自身的健康给予越来越多的关注。脑梗死是老年人群的多发病及常见病,其发病率、致残率均较高,严重威胁的老年人的健康和生活质量,并给家庭带来沉重的经济负担和精神压力。脑梗死的常见病因为高血压病、脑动脉硬化、糖尿病等,近年有学者们发现贫血与脑梗死具有相关性[2]。贫血是老年人群的常见疾病,由于贫血早起无明显不适症状及健康知识的普及程度不够深入等原因,很多老年人轻中度的贫血经常被忽视。有研究数据显示,贫血是影响老年人很多疾病及预后的独立危险因素,即使轻度的贫血也可能引起机体重要的机能损害,并且增加死亡率增加[3]。目前,老年脑梗死患者数量越来越多,而且贫血的发病率也逐年增加,而且,低血红蛋白水平是脑梗死持续进展和病情恶化的危险因素之一[4]。
近年来,老年贫血与脑梗死之间的关系日益成为研究的热点。贫血导致脑梗死的机制目前尚不完全清楚,从病理生理学方面探讨可能由于机体所需的大部分的氧是由血红蛋白携带和输送的,在正常情况下,血红蛋白的携氧能力下降可以通过大脑血管系统的调节机制来增加脑血流量, 正常人可以通过增加心脏射血分数、增加心率、降低血液黏度等来代偿,进而代偿这种可能的缺氧情况[5]。但是,在脑缺血的情况下,大脑氧气摄入和运输的能力明显受限[6],轻度贫血能够引起血液黏度下降,增加脑血流量,但是当血红蛋白浓度低于110 g/L时,随着贫血的加重,会出现一氧化氮调节血管平滑肌舒张、血管扩张来代偿这种氧含量的下降,可能加剧脑水肿和颅内压,导致脑组织缺血缺氧性坏死,形成缺血性卒中[7-8]。国外一些研究表明,贫血导致脑梗死的发病率在15%~29%,越来越多的学者发现,低血红蛋白或贫血与脑梗死的发生有密切的联系,且影响预后[9-13]。有学者认为,低血红蛋白水平与脑梗死患者梗死病灶体积增大密切相关,合并贫血的脑梗死患者卒中症状较非贫血脑梗死患者明显加重[14]。Rothwell等研究证明当血红蛋白(HGB)浓度低于100 g/L时,脑损伤的程度将明显加重,影响预后[15]。另外一个相似的研究表明,当血红蛋白(HGB)水平低于100 g/L时会出现脑梗死患者脑内的细胞代谢异常[16]。此外,还有学者发现血红蛋白低于90 g/L是细胞内能量代谢受损和脑缺氧的独立危险因素[17]。
笔者研究发现,年龄是老年贫血合并脑梗死的独立危险因素之一。本研究中贫血性脑梗死组患者的平均年龄明显高于非贫血性脑梗死组患者,由于年龄增长本身会使贫血发病率增加,当血红蛋白水平降低时,动脉含氧量下降,可致使脑缺氧加重,增加了脑梗死的危险性;另外,随着我国进入老龄化社会,与年龄相关的基础性疾病也随之增加,例如高血压、冠心病、高脂血症等,加重了血管动脉硬化的程度,导致贫血性脑梗死的发生。在本研究中,贫血性脑梗死组患者中慢性肾衰竭的比例明显高于非贫血性脑梗死组,提示该因素是贫血性脑梗死的重要危险因素之一,老年人肾小球滤过率下降,对促红细胞生成素敏感性下降,老年人抑制红细胞造血的细胞因子IL-6的增多,导致肾性贫血,从而增加了脑梗死的风险。本研究结果还进一步显示,贫血性脑梗死组患者的出血性脑血管病病史比例高于非贫血性脑梗死组,其机制可能是失血后反射性引起交感-肾上腺髓质系统兴奋、血管运动中枢、5-羟色胺、儿茶酚胺等大量释放触发小血管痉挛及血小板聚集,阻碍了微血栓溶解,从而导致脑梗死形成。笔者同时也发现贫血性脑梗死组和非贫血性脑梗死组患者比较,女性比例更高、NIHSS评分更高、冠心病病史比例更高,而吸烟及饮酒比例较低,这与国内外文献[18-20]报道一致。 综上所述,老年贫血合并脑梗死与年龄、慢性肾衰竭及出血性脑血管病病史密切相关,是贫血性脑梗死发生的独立危险因素。对老年贫血的患者应该高度重视,积极预防脑梗死的发生。
参考文献
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(收稿日期:2014-11-19) (本文编辑:蔡元元)
【关键词】 脑梗死; 贫血; 老年; 危险因素
【Abstract】 Objective:To analyze the pathogenesis and risk factors of cerebral infarction in elderly patients with anemia Method:380 elderly patients with anemia combined with cerebral infarction were selected as the research object, according to the result of hemoglobin on admission, they were divided into the anemia cerebral infarction group (113 cases) and non anemia cerebral infarction group (267 cases), the history and the relevant examination 13 factors such as the single factor analysis, and place the meaningful single factor in the multi-factor Logistic regression analysis.Result:13 risk factors were compared among the anemia group in patients with cerebral infarction and nor anemia group, and we found that age, gender, NIHSS score, history of coronary heart disease, chronic renal failure, hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease history, smoking and drinking difference between groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, age (OR 1.03; 95%CI 1.01-1.05), chronic renal failure (OR 1.42; 95%CI 1.03-1.92) and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease history (OR 3.42; 95%CI 1.18-9.43) is independent risk factors for cerebral infarction.Conclusion:Compared with non anemia cerebral infarction group, age, history of chronic renal failure and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease were the independent risk factors for cerebral infarction.
【Key words】 Cerebral infarction; Anemia; Old; Risk factors
First-author’s address:Liaoning Province Jinqiu Hospital,Shenyang 110016,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2015.09.001
我国现已进入老龄化社会,老年脑血管病的发病率明显升高,尤其是缺血性脑血管病,严重危害老年人的身心健康。脑梗死的常见病因为高血压病、脑动脉硬化、糖尿病等,近年研究学者们又发现贫血与脑梗死的相关性。但是,由贫血而引起的脑梗死尚未引起更多的临床医生的注意。因此,掌握其危险因素,对于防治贫血性脑梗死具有重要的临床意义。本研究比较分析老年贫血合并脑梗死与非贫血性脑梗死的发病机制及相关危险因素,为针对性治疗老年贫血合并脑梗死提供参考依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选择2013年5月-2014年10月在本院老年科及神经内科住院的脑梗死患者380例,男149例,女231例,年龄60~96岁,平均(75.43±8.61)岁,均为急性发病,所有患者均符合《中国脑血管病防治指南》诊断标准,并经头颅CT或MRI证实,均除外心源性脑栓塞、短暂性脑缺血发作、急性感染、严重营养不良、肿瘤及精神疾病病史等。根据血红蛋白(hemoglobin, HGB)结果将患者分为贫血性脑梗死组113例和非贫血性脑梗死组267例,两组患者的一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。 1.2 研究方法 记录患者的性别、年龄、入院NIHSS评分及既往病史等基础资料,以及可能影响脑梗死的危险因素,包括高血压病史、糖尿病病史、高脂血症、房颤、冠心病病史、慢性肾衰竭、缺血性脑血管病病史、出血性脑血管病病史、吸烟及饮酒。比较两组患者中每个危险因素的阳性例数或平均数,关于老年贫血的诊断,国内目前尚无统一标准,笔者采用实验诊断学(北京:人民卫生出版社,2014)作为诊断老年贫血的标准,其诊断老年贫血的标准为HGB≤110 g/L[1]。NIHSS(美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表,National Institute of Health stroke scale)评分分级如下:轻度(0~6分),中度(7~15分),重度(≥16分)。吸烟标准为每日至少1支,时间超过1年,饮酒标准为平均每日饮白酒至少50 g,且时间超过1年。
1.3 统计学处理 所有数据均应用SPSS 13.0统计软件包进行统计学分析,计量资料以(x±s)表示,组间比较用t检验,计数资料采用 字2检验比较,先进行单因素分析,对有意义的单因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组相关因素的单因素分析 对于两组患者中可能相关的13个因素进行比较分析,发现性别、平均年龄、NIHSS评分、冠心病病史、慢性肾衰竭、出血性脑血管病病史、吸烟及饮酒组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),贫血性脑梗死组和非贫血性脑梗死组患者比较,女性比例更高、年龄更大、NIHSS评分更高、冠心病病史比例、慢性肾衰竭和出血性脑血管病病史比例更高、而吸烟及饮酒比例较低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 贫血性脑梗死组的多因素Logistic回归分析 将有意义的性别、平均年龄、NIHSS评分、冠心病病史、慢性肾衰竭、出血性脑血管病病史、吸烟及饮酒等单因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析结果,年龄(OR 1.03;95%CI 1.01-1.05)、慢性肾衰竭(OR 1.42;95%CI 1.03-1.92)及出血性脑血管病病史(OR 3.42;95%CI 1.18-9.43)是老年贫血合并脑梗死的独立危险因素。见表2。
3 讨论
随着社会的发展和医疗体系的不断完善,人们对自身的健康给予越来越多的关注。脑梗死是老年人群的多发病及常见病,其发病率、致残率均较高,严重威胁的老年人的健康和生活质量,并给家庭带来沉重的经济负担和精神压力。脑梗死的常见病因为高血压病、脑动脉硬化、糖尿病等,近年有学者们发现贫血与脑梗死具有相关性[2]。贫血是老年人群的常见疾病,由于贫血早起无明显不适症状及健康知识的普及程度不够深入等原因,很多老年人轻中度的贫血经常被忽视。有研究数据显示,贫血是影响老年人很多疾病及预后的独立危险因素,即使轻度的贫血也可能引起机体重要的机能损害,并且增加死亡率增加[3]。目前,老年脑梗死患者数量越来越多,而且贫血的发病率也逐年增加,而且,低血红蛋白水平是脑梗死持续进展和病情恶化的危险因素之一[4]。
近年来,老年贫血与脑梗死之间的关系日益成为研究的热点。贫血导致脑梗死的机制目前尚不完全清楚,从病理生理学方面探讨可能由于机体所需的大部分的氧是由血红蛋白携带和输送的,在正常情况下,血红蛋白的携氧能力下降可以通过大脑血管系统的调节机制来增加脑血流量, 正常人可以通过增加心脏射血分数、增加心率、降低血液黏度等来代偿,进而代偿这种可能的缺氧情况[5]。但是,在脑缺血的情况下,大脑氧气摄入和运输的能力明显受限[6],轻度贫血能够引起血液黏度下降,增加脑血流量,但是当血红蛋白浓度低于110 g/L时,随着贫血的加重,会出现一氧化氮调节血管平滑肌舒张、血管扩张来代偿这种氧含量的下降,可能加剧脑水肿和颅内压,导致脑组织缺血缺氧性坏死,形成缺血性卒中[7-8]。国外一些研究表明,贫血导致脑梗死的发病率在15%~29%,越来越多的学者发现,低血红蛋白或贫血与脑梗死的发生有密切的联系,且影响预后[9-13]。有学者认为,低血红蛋白水平与脑梗死患者梗死病灶体积增大密切相关,合并贫血的脑梗死患者卒中症状较非贫血脑梗死患者明显加重[14]。Rothwell等研究证明当血红蛋白(HGB)浓度低于100 g/L时,脑损伤的程度将明显加重,影响预后[15]。另外一个相似的研究表明,当血红蛋白(HGB)水平低于100 g/L时会出现脑梗死患者脑内的细胞代谢异常[16]。此外,还有学者发现血红蛋白低于90 g/L是细胞内能量代谢受损和脑缺氧的独立危险因素[17]。
笔者研究发现,年龄是老年贫血合并脑梗死的独立危险因素之一。本研究中贫血性脑梗死组患者的平均年龄明显高于非贫血性脑梗死组患者,由于年龄增长本身会使贫血发病率增加,当血红蛋白水平降低时,动脉含氧量下降,可致使脑缺氧加重,增加了脑梗死的危险性;另外,随着我国进入老龄化社会,与年龄相关的基础性疾病也随之增加,例如高血压、冠心病、高脂血症等,加重了血管动脉硬化的程度,导致贫血性脑梗死的发生。在本研究中,贫血性脑梗死组患者中慢性肾衰竭的比例明显高于非贫血性脑梗死组,提示该因素是贫血性脑梗死的重要危险因素之一,老年人肾小球滤过率下降,对促红细胞生成素敏感性下降,老年人抑制红细胞造血的细胞因子IL-6的增多,导致肾性贫血,从而增加了脑梗死的风险。本研究结果还进一步显示,贫血性脑梗死组患者的出血性脑血管病病史比例高于非贫血性脑梗死组,其机制可能是失血后反射性引起交感-肾上腺髓质系统兴奋、血管运动中枢、5-羟色胺、儿茶酚胺等大量释放触发小血管痉挛及血小板聚集,阻碍了微血栓溶解,从而导致脑梗死形成。笔者同时也发现贫血性脑梗死组和非贫血性脑梗死组患者比较,女性比例更高、NIHSS评分更高、冠心病病史比例更高,而吸烟及饮酒比例较低,这与国内外文献[18-20]报道一致。 综上所述,老年贫血合并脑梗死与年龄、慢性肾衰竭及出血性脑血管病病史密切相关,是贫血性脑梗死发生的独立危险因素。对老年贫血的患者应该高度重视,积极预防脑梗死的发生。
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(收稿日期:2014-11-19) (本文编辑:蔡元元)