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[摘要] 目的 检测妇科肿瘤术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的患者血浆中组织因子(TF)、组织因子途径抑制物(TFPI-1)水平的变化,探讨其与妇科肿瘤术后深静脉血栓形成的相关性。方法 用ELISA法分别检测妇科良恶性肿瘤术后患者血浆TF、TFPI-1水平的变化。 结果 无深静脉血栓形成的妇科恶性肿瘤组TF水平显著高于子宫肌瘤及健康对照组(P<0.01),妇科恶性肿瘤组TFPI-1水平高于子宫肌瘤及健康对照组(P<0.05),子宫肌瘤与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。深静脉血栓形成妇科恶性肿瘤组TF水平显著高于子宫肌瘤及健康对照组(P<0.01),有深静脉血栓形成妇科恶性肿瘤组TFPI-1水平与无深静脉血栓形成妇科恶性肿瘤组相比之间无统计学差异(P>0.05),子宫肌瘤与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 妇科肿瘤术后深静脉血栓形成患者组织因子明显增高,TF、TFPI-1可作为检测妇科肿瘤尤其是妇科恶性肿瘤术后深静脉血栓形成的重要指标。
[关键词] 组织因子;组织因子途径抑制物;妇科肿瘤;深静脉血栓形成
[中图分类号] R737.3[文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2011)25-61-02
Relationship between Plasma Tissue Factor and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor and Gynecologic Tumors Patients with Postoperative Deep Venous Thrombosis
YANG Li1WANG Ruolin2LIU Weiliang2
1.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450014, China; 2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou City, Zhengzhou 450003, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the relationship between tissue factor(TF),tissue factor pathway inhibitor(TFPI-1)and postoperative deep venous thrombosis in patients with gynecological tumors by measuring the plasma levels of TF and TFPI-1. Methods Seventy two patients with gynecological tumors were enrolled and the plasma levels of TF and TFPI-1 antigen were measured by ELISA method. Results Of no deep vein thrombosis groups, the plasma levels of TF in gynecological tumors group were significantly higher than that of uterine myomas and healthy controls(P<0.01), gynecological tumors group TFPI-1 levels were higher than that of uterine myomas and healthy control group(P<0.05), uterine myomas compared with the healthy control group were no significant difference(P>0.05). Of deep vein thrombosis groups, TF of gynecological m alignant tumor group were significantly higher than that of uterine myomas group and the healthy control group(P<0.01), TFPI-1 levels of deep vein thrombosis with gynecological m alignant tumors and no deep vein thrombosis of gynecological m alignant tumor group were no significant difference(P> 0.05), TFPI-1 level were no significantly difference between uterine myomas and healthy control group(P>0.05). Conclusion TF and TFPI-1 of gynecologic tumors patients with postoperative deep venous thrombosis are significantly higher, and they can be used as indicators for gynecologic m alignant gynecological tumors, especially postoperative deep venous thrombosis.
[Key words] Tissue factor; Tissue factor pathway inhibitor; Gynecologic tumor; Deep venous thrombosis
肿瘤术后尤其是恶性肿瘤术后的深静脉血栓形成严重危及患者的生命安全,是仅次于恶性肿瘤本身引起死亡的第二个原因[1]。组织因子(tissue factor,TF)凝血途径及组织因子途径抑制物(tissue factor pathway inhibitor-1,TFPI-1)在生理止血与病理性血栓形成以及肿瘤转移中具有重要意义。本研究旨在探讨TF、TFPI-1在妇科肿瘤术后深静脉血栓形成中的表达,以及检测TF、TFPI-1对妇科肿瘤尤其是恶性肿瘤术后深静脉血栓形成中的作用。
1对象与方法
1.1研究对象
选择2006年5月~2008年5月在郑州人民医院妇科肿瘤手术患者72例,其中子宫肌瘤46例,平均年龄(47.0±12.5)岁;卵巢癌7例,子宫内膜癌5例,宫颈癌13例,恶性葡萄胎1例;术前未经过放化疗,患者无内、外科并发症、无凝血功能障碍,两周内未应用止血及抗凝药物。对照组为我院同期健康体检者35例,平均年龄(43.0±13.5)岁。
1.2实验方法
严格按美国ADI公司生产的试剂盒说明书用ELISA法测定TF、TFPI-1,正常对照组与患者术前均清晨空腹静脉采血,检测血浆的TF、TFPI-1抗原含量。
1.3临床表现及诊断
发病时间为手术后3~15d,有沿下肢深静脉走行分布的局部压痛、小腿和(或)大腿的肿胀,与无症状的一侧相比,小腿周径增粗超过2cm(在胫骨粗隆下10cm测量),两股周径差>2cm(髌骨上15cm),凹陷性水肿,小腿腓肠肌部酸痛。对临床有症状的可疑深静脉血栓患者,主要通过彩色多普勒超声或静脉血管造影确诊,采用彩色超声仪,进行高频血管彩超检查,管腔完全阻塞者用探头压迫该段静脉时,管腔不被压扁;不完全阻塞者,在管腔一侧探及很细窄的血流信号,静脉造影于阻塞部位可见血栓造成的充盈缺损阴影,远端静脉扩张,近端静脉狭窄。
1.4统计学方法
应用SPSS16.0统计软件进行数据处理,数据以均数±标准差(χ±s)表示,组间变化用成组设计的两样本均数t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1无深静脉血栓形成的妇科恶性肿瘤组、子宫肌瘤及健康对照组血浆中TF、TFPI-1水平的检测结果
妇科恶性肿瘤组TF水平显著高于子宫肌瘤及健康对照组(P<0.01),子宫肌瘤与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。妇科恶性肿瘤组TFPI-1水平高于子宫肌瘤及健康对照组(P<0.05),子宫肌瘤与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
2.2深静脉血栓形成的妇科恶性肿瘤组、无深静脉血栓形成的妇科恶性肿瘤组、子宫肌瘤及健康对照组血浆中TF、TFPI-1水平的检测结果
有深静脉血栓形成妇科恶性肿瘤组TF水平显著高于无深静脉血栓形成妇科恶性肿瘤组、子宫肌瘤及健康对照组(P<0.01)。有深静脉血栓形成妇科恶性肿瘤组TFPI-1水平与无深静脉血栓形成妇科恶性肿瘤组相比之间无统计学差异(P>0.05),有深静脉血栓形成妇科恶性肿瘤组TFPI-1水平与子宫肌瘤及健康对照组相比有统计学差异(P<0.05)。子宫肌瘤与健康对照组相比无统计学差异(P>0.05)。见表1。
3讨论
TF是凝血系统中唯一在细胞表面表达的跨膜糖蛋白,其胞外区与其他凝血因子相结合,为外源性凝血途径的启动因子,在生理性凝血止血及多种血栓栓塞疾病中发挥主要作用,还在肿瘤血管形成及转移等过程中起重要作用[2]。人体内的TF主要来自于组织单核细胞和内皮下细胞,存在于多种组织器官的上皮、被膜、黏膜上。此外,肿瘤细胞产生和释放的肿瘤坏死因子和白细胞介素、单核细胞、巨噬细胞表达TF。近来有文献[3]报道TF的表达与血管内皮生长因子有联系,进一步证实了血管生成与血栓形成相关。
TFPI-1是直接特异性抑制TF的Kunitz性蛋白酶抑制剂,主要由微血管内皮细胞产生,分布于内皮细胞、血液及血小板内,其中结合于内皮细胞的TFPI-1约占50%~80%,其次是存在于血液内,血小板内TFPI只占很少部分;其中凝血酶及肝素促进TFPI-1释放,而致血浆中的TFPI-1浓度增加[4]。TF和TFPI-1的平衡对维持血液正常的流动状态极为重要。肿瘤患者术后TF浓度增加及各种肿瘤细胞分泌的细胞因子激活FⅦa,从而使TFPI-1释放增多,TF-TFPI-1是一平衡系统,TFPI对TF起阻断作用,对维持机体正常止血功能起着积极作用。肿瘤患者尤其是恶性肿瘤患者术前活动少、活动受限、肿瘤压迫、术后卧床时间长导致恶性肿瘤患者的静脉血流处于淤滞状态,血液黏滞度增加,而易发生血栓栓塞。常规应用止血药物,进一步加重了高凝状态,促使血栓形成;此外,手术时间长,手术范围大,如恶性肿瘤腹腔淋巴结清扫,易损伤血管壁,更易引起静脉血栓形成[5]。Levine MN等[6]总结了各种恶性肿瘤的血栓发生率,其中子宫颈癌13%,卵巢癌10.6%。女性VTE多见于卵巢癌、子宫癌和胰腺癌等。盆腔恶性肿瘤由于癌细胞可分泌类组织因子和促凝物质,术后更易发生静脉血栓栓塞。深静脉血栓是妇科肿瘤患者术后出现的严重并发症之一[7]。
本研究分别检测妇科良恶性肿瘤术后患者组织因子(TF)、组织因子途径抑制物(TFPI-1)血浆水平变化,显示妇科恶性肿瘤术后深静脉血栓形成的几率明显增高,本组病例占约38.4%,同时妇科恶性肿瘤患者的TF水平明显增高,TFPI-1也有所升高,尤其是伴有深静脉形成的患者。子宫肌瘤术后血浆TF、TFPI-1水平变化不明显,提示血浆TF水平升高致使凝血活性增加是深静脉血栓形成重要原因;在TF-TFPI-1系统中,随着TF增高,TFPI-1水平也相应增高,但增高较少,这与国外研究一致。
综上所述,血浆TF、TFPI-1水平与深静脉血栓形成密切相关,尤其是妇科恶性肿瘤术后TF水平明显增高,TFPI-1水平亦有所增高,因此血浆TF、TFPI-1水平可作为检测妇科肿瘤尤其是妇科恶性肿瘤术后深静脉血栓形成的重要指标。
[参考文献]
[1] Korte W. Cancer and thrombosis: an increasingly important association[J]. Support Care Cancer,2008,16(3):223-228.
[2] Groebke Zbinden K,Banner DW,Ackermann J,et al. Design of selective phenylglycine amide tissue factor/factor VIIa inhibitors[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett,2005,15(3):817-822.
[3] Maiolo A,Tua A,Grignani G. Hemostasis and cancer: tumor cells induce the expression of tissue factor-like procoagulant activity on endothelial cells[J]. Haematologica,2002,87(6):624-628.
[4] Mousa SA,Bozarth J,Barrett JS. Pharmacodynamic properties of the low molecular weight heparin, tinzaparin: effect of molecular weight distribution on plasma tissue factor pathway inhibitor in healthy human subjects[J]. J Clin Pharmacol,2003,43(7):727-734.
[5] van Stralen KJ,Rosendaal FR,Doggen CJ. Minor injuries as a risk factor for venous thrombosis[J]. Arch Intern Med,2008,168(1):21-26.
[6] Levine MN,Lee AY,Kakkar AK. Thrombosis and cancer[M]. Alexandria,VA:American Society of Clinical Oncology,2005:748.
[7] 陈萍. 妇科肿瘤术后并发下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床研究[J]. 中国医药导报,2010,7(19):250-251.
(收稿日期:2011-04-01)
[关键词] 组织因子;组织因子途径抑制物;妇科肿瘤;深静脉血栓形成
[中图分类号] R737.3[文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2011)25-61-02
Relationship between Plasma Tissue Factor and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor and Gynecologic Tumors Patients with Postoperative Deep Venous Thrombosis
YANG Li1WANG Ruolin2LIU Weiliang2
1.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450014, China; 2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou City, Zhengzhou 450003, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the relationship between tissue factor(TF),tissue factor pathway inhibitor(TFPI-1)and postoperative deep venous thrombosis in patients with gynecological tumors by measuring the plasma levels of TF and TFPI-1. Methods Seventy two patients with gynecological tumors were enrolled and the plasma levels of TF and TFPI-1 antigen were measured by ELISA method. Results Of no deep vein thrombosis groups, the plasma levels of TF in gynecological tumors group were significantly higher than that of uterine myomas and healthy controls(P<0.01), gynecological tumors group TFPI-1 levels were higher than that of uterine myomas and healthy control group(P<0.05), uterine myomas compared with the healthy control group were no significant difference(P>0.05). Of deep vein thrombosis groups, TF of gynecological m alignant tumor group were significantly higher than that of uterine myomas group and the healthy control group(P<0.01), TFPI-1 levels of deep vein thrombosis with gynecological m alignant tumors and no deep vein thrombosis of gynecological m alignant tumor group were no significant difference(P> 0.05), TFPI-1 level were no significantly difference between uterine myomas and healthy control group(P>0.05). Conclusion TF and TFPI-1 of gynecologic tumors patients with postoperative deep venous thrombosis are significantly higher, and they can be used as indicators for gynecologic m alignant gynecological tumors, especially postoperative deep venous thrombosis.
[Key words] Tissue factor; Tissue factor pathway inhibitor; Gynecologic tumor; Deep venous thrombosis
肿瘤术后尤其是恶性肿瘤术后的深静脉血栓形成严重危及患者的生命安全,是仅次于恶性肿瘤本身引起死亡的第二个原因[1]。组织因子(tissue factor,TF)凝血途径及组织因子途径抑制物(tissue factor pathway inhibitor-1,TFPI-1)在生理止血与病理性血栓形成以及肿瘤转移中具有重要意义。本研究旨在探讨TF、TFPI-1在妇科肿瘤术后深静脉血栓形成中的表达,以及检测TF、TFPI-1对妇科肿瘤尤其是恶性肿瘤术后深静脉血栓形成中的作用。
1对象与方法
1.1研究对象
选择2006年5月~2008年5月在郑州人民医院妇科肿瘤手术患者72例,其中子宫肌瘤46例,平均年龄(47.0±12.5)岁;卵巢癌7例,子宫内膜癌5例,宫颈癌13例,恶性葡萄胎1例;术前未经过放化疗,患者无内、外科并发症、无凝血功能障碍,两周内未应用止血及抗凝药物。对照组为我院同期健康体检者35例,平均年龄(43.0±13.5)岁。
1.2实验方法
严格按美国ADI公司生产的试剂盒说明书用ELISA法测定TF、TFPI-1,正常对照组与患者术前均清晨空腹静脉采血,检测血浆的TF、TFPI-1抗原含量。
1.3临床表现及诊断
发病时间为手术后3~15d,有沿下肢深静脉走行分布的局部压痛、小腿和(或)大腿的肿胀,与无症状的一侧相比,小腿周径增粗超过2cm(在胫骨粗隆下10cm测量),两股周径差>2cm(髌骨上15cm),凹陷性水肿,小腿腓肠肌部酸痛。对临床有症状的可疑深静脉血栓患者,主要通过彩色多普勒超声或静脉血管造影确诊,采用彩色超声仪,进行高频血管彩超检查,管腔完全阻塞者用探头压迫该段静脉时,管腔不被压扁;不完全阻塞者,在管腔一侧探及很细窄的血流信号,静脉造影于阻塞部位可见血栓造成的充盈缺损阴影,远端静脉扩张,近端静脉狭窄。
1.4统计学方法
应用SPSS16.0统计软件进行数据处理,数据以均数±标准差(χ±s)表示,组间变化用成组设计的两样本均数t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1无深静脉血栓形成的妇科恶性肿瘤组、子宫肌瘤及健康对照组血浆中TF、TFPI-1水平的检测结果
妇科恶性肿瘤组TF水平显著高于子宫肌瘤及健康对照组(P<0.01),子宫肌瘤与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。妇科恶性肿瘤组TFPI-1水平高于子宫肌瘤及健康对照组(P<0.05),子宫肌瘤与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
2.2深静脉血栓形成的妇科恶性肿瘤组、无深静脉血栓形成的妇科恶性肿瘤组、子宫肌瘤及健康对照组血浆中TF、TFPI-1水平的检测结果
有深静脉血栓形成妇科恶性肿瘤组TF水平显著高于无深静脉血栓形成妇科恶性肿瘤组、子宫肌瘤及健康对照组(P<0.01)。有深静脉血栓形成妇科恶性肿瘤组TFPI-1水平与无深静脉血栓形成妇科恶性肿瘤组相比之间无统计学差异(P>0.05),有深静脉血栓形成妇科恶性肿瘤组TFPI-1水平与子宫肌瘤及健康对照组相比有统计学差异(P<0.05)。子宫肌瘤与健康对照组相比无统计学差异(P>0.05)。见表1。
3讨论
TF是凝血系统中唯一在细胞表面表达的跨膜糖蛋白,其胞外区与其他凝血因子相结合,为外源性凝血途径的启动因子,在生理性凝血止血及多种血栓栓塞疾病中发挥主要作用,还在肿瘤血管形成及转移等过程中起重要作用[2]。人体内的TF主要来自于组织单核细胞和内皮下细胞,存在于多种组织器官的上皮、被膜、黏膜上。此外,肿瘤细胞产生和释放的肿瘤坏死因子和白细胞介素、单核细胞、巨噬细胞表达TF。近来有文献[3]报道TF的表达与血管内皮生长因子有联系,进一步证实了血管生成与血栓形成相关。
TFPI-1是直接特异性抑制TF的Kunitz性蛋白酶抑制剂,主要由微血管内皮细胞产生,分布于内皮细胞、血液及血小板内,其中结合于内皮细胞的TFPI-1约占50%~80%,其次是存在于血液内,血小板内TFPI只占很少部分;其中凝血酶及肝素促进TFPI-1释放,而致血浆中的TFPI-1浓度增加[4]。TF和TFPI-1的平衡对维持血液正常的流动状态极为重要。肿瘤患者术后TF浓度增加及各种肿瘤细胞分泌的细胞因子激活FⅦa,从而使TFPI-1释放增多,TF-TFPI-1是一平衡系统,TFPI对TF起阻断作用,对维持机体正常止血功能起着积极作用。肿瘤患者尤其是恶性肿瘤患者术前活动少、活动受限、肿瘤压迫、术后卧床时间长导致恶性肿瘤患者的静脉血流处于淤滞状态,血液黏滞度增加,而易发生血栓栓塞。常规应用止血药物,进一步加重了高凝状态,促使血栓形成;此外,手术时间长,手术范围大,如恶性肿瘤腹腔淋巴结清扫,易损伤血管壁,更易引起静脉血栓形成[5]。Levine MN等[6]总结了各种恶性肿瘤的血栓发生率,其中子宫颈癌13%,卵巢癌10.6%。女性VTE多见于卵巢癌、子宫癌和胰腺癌等。盆腔恶性肿瘤由于癌细胞可分泌类组织因子和促凝物质,术后更易发生静脉血栓栓塞。深静脉血栓是妇科肿瘤患者术后出现的严重并发症之一[7]。
本研究分别检测妇科良恶性肿瘤术后患者组织因子(TF)、组织因子途径抑制物(TFPI-1)血浆水平变化,显示妇科恶性肿瘤术后深静脉血栓形成的几率明显增高,本组病例占约38.4%,同时妇科恶性肿瘤患者的TF水平明显增高,TFPI-1也有所升高,尤其是伴有深静脉形成的患者。子宫肌瘤术后血浆TF、TFPI-1水平变化不明显,提示血浆TF水平升高致使凝血活性增加是深静脉血栓形成重要原因;在TF-TFPI-1系统中,随着TF增高,TFPI-1水平也相应增高,但增高较少,这与国外研究一致。
综上所述,血浆TF、TFPI-1水平与深静脉血栓形成密切相关,尤其是妇科恶性肿瘤术后TF水平明显增高,TFPI-1水平亦有所增高,因此血浆TF、TFPI-1水平可作为检测妇科肿瘤尤其是妇科恶性肿瘤术后深静脉血栓形成的重要指标。
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(收稿日期:2011-04-01)