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A strain of photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas palustris W1, isolated from a lab-scale anaerobic moving bed biofilmreactor (MBBR) treating textile effluent was demonstrated to decolodze Reactive Black 5 (RB5) efficiently under anaerobic condition.By a series of batch tests, the suitable conditions for RB5 decolorization were obtained, namely, pH<10, light presence, glutamine orlactate as carbon source with concentration more than 500 mg/L when lactate is selected, NH4Cl as a nitrogen source with concentrationmore than 100 mg/L, NaCI concentration not exceeding 5%, and RB5 concentration less than 700 mg/L. In addition, ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis) spectrum scan and High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) were used to analyze themetabolites of RB5 decolorization of W1. The results showed that partial aromatic amines produced with RB5 reduction were furtherdegraded during the extended period. Anaerobic partial mineralization of RB5 was suggested, and a possible degradation pathway wasproposed.