纺织、钢铁、汽车等传统工业,在50年代中期曾是经合会(OECD)国家经济实力的象征。但以后它们趋向成熟化,其特点是创新速度放慢和产品高度标准化。这些工业由于市场需求饱和、国际竞争激烈、利润下滑以及职工人数停止增长或下降,有关工厂或迁移,或转产计算机、通信等新兴产业部门,而且逐渐被新兴产业取代了它们的重要地位。但是这些成熟的工业经过技术改造后,仍然获得了新的发展。新工艺和新设备提高了劳动生产率纺织工业由于采用了开口式和无梭式纺织机械,极大地更新了传统工艺,提高了生产速度和产品质量。钢铁工业有两大技术创新。一是微型炼钢厂的电弧炉,它以废钢为原料,无需经过炼铁程序,直接产钢。废钢来源丰富,成本低,且有利于环保,促进了炼钢工业的振兴。电弧炉工艺已在美国推广。二是速铸技术,它已取代传统的铸锭工艺。速铸法是将钢水直接浇铸成半成型制品,可降低能耗,提高产量、质量,降低污染。建筑业通过采用程控机械、机械搬运和功能强大的手持工具等施工技术而提高了作业的自动化水平和施工的速度与精度,并且降低对手工操作技能的要求。塑料和胶粘水泥提高了建 Traditional industries such as textiles, steel, automobiles and others used to be the symbol of the economic strength of OECD countries in the mid-1950s. But then they tend to mature, which is characterized by a slowdown in innovation and a high degree of product standardization. Due to the saturation of market demand, fierce international competition, declining profits and the growth or decline of the number of workers, the factories are relocated or emerging industries such as computers and telecommunications are replaced by these industries, and their emerging industries are gradually replacing their important positions. However, after these technological improvements, these mature industries have still achieved new development. New processes and new equipment increase labor productivity The textile industry, thanks to its open and shuttleless textile machines, has greatly updated traditional processes and increased production speed and product quality. The steel industry has two major technological innovations. First, micro-electric arc furnace steel plant, which uses scrap as raw material, without going through the ironmaking process, the direct steel production. Rich sources of scrap, low cost and environmentally friendly, and promote the revitalization of the steelmaking industry. Electric arc furnace technology has been promoted in the United States. Second, casting technology, it has replaced the traditional ingot process. Casting method is the direct casting of molten steel into semi-molded products, can reduce energy consumption and improve production, quality, reduce pollution. The construction industry has increased the level of automation of work and the speed and accuracy of construction by using construction machinery such as programmed machines, mechanical handling and powerful hand tools, and reduced the requirements for manual operation skills. Plastic and cement increased construction