目的　探讨体内外不同环境条件对大鼠胚胎神经干细胞分化的影响。方法　孕龄 16天的大鼠胚胎神经干细胞体外扩增后移植至大鼠脑内尾状核出血部位 ;同时体外将其与新生大鼠Schwann细胞共培养 ,应用免疫组织化学和免疫荧光方法分别检测神经细胞、星形胶质细胞及少突胶质细胞特异性标志蛋白tubulin β、MAP2 ,GFAP和GalC的表达。结果　移植到脑内的BrdU阳性细胞环绕脑出血区域分布 ,大部分细胞GFAP阳性 ,少部分细胞tubulin β或GalC阳性 ;而与Schwann细胞共培养后 ,神经干细胞大部分呈tubulin β和MAP2免疫荧光阳性 ,少部分呈GFAP或GalC免疫荧光阳性。结论　脑内尾状核出血环境诱导神经干细胞主要分化成神经胶质细胞 ;而体外与Schwann细胞共培养主要诱导其分化成神经细胞。 Objective To investigate the effects of different environmental conditions in vitro and in vivo on the differentiation of rat embryonic neural stem cells. Methods Rat embryonic 16-day-old rat embryonic neural stem cells were expanded in vitro and transplanted to the hemorrhage site of the caudate nucleus in the rat brain. Simultaneously, they were co-cultured with neonatal rat Schwann cells in vitro. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to detect neural Cell, astrocyte and oligodendrocyte specific markers tubulin β, MAP2, GFAP and GalC expression. Results BrdU-positive cells transplanted into the brain were distributed around the intracerebral hemorrhage area. Most of the cells were positive for GFAP, but some of the cells were positive for tubulin β or GalC. After co-cultured with Schwann cells, the majority of neural stem cells were positive for tubulin β and MAP2 , A small part was GFAP or GalC immunofluorescence positive. CONCLUSION: The hemorrhagic environment in the caudate nucleus of the brain induces differentiation of neural stem cells into glial cells. However, co-culture with Schwann cells in vitro induces differentiation into neurons.