六、设置适当的对照: 在疗效研究中,设置对照是实验设计的一个核心问题。不少临床工作者没有养成对照的习惯,或者认为可以用过去的经验作对照;也有对设置对照感到麻烦,就不下决心搞对照了。但是最重要的原因是对设置对照的重要性认识不够。对照(C0ntrol)的意义首先在于鉴别处理因素与非处理因素的差异。处理效应的大小,主要不是看其本身,而是通过对比所得的结论,才是有意义的。临床上有许多疾 6. Set appropriate controls: In efficacy studies, setting controls is a core issue of experimental design. Many clinicians do not have the habit of making comparisons, or think that they can use past experience as a reference. They also have trouble setting up controls and are not determined to engage in controls. But the most important reason is the lack of understanding of the importance of setting up controls. The significance of the control (C0ntrol) is first of all to identify differences between treatment and non-treatment factors. The size of the treatment effect is not primarily to look at itself, but rather to make sense by comparing the conclusions obtained. There are many clinical problems