外在主义者认为心理内容本质上是一种关系属性,它依赖于意向心理状态持有者所处的环境。在当代,普特南以“孪生地球”思想试验表达了“意义不在头脑之中”的外在主义理念,而柏奇的社会外在主义则更加深入地分析了心理内容或意义中所渗透的社会因素。然而,面对因果相关性、自知以及空概念的难题,外在主义者却难以给出令人满意的回应。 Externalists think that psychological content is essentially a relational attribute that depends on the environment in which the intended state of mind is held. In contemporary times, Putnam used the experiment of “Twin Earth ” to express the externalist idea of ​​ “meaning is not in the mind ”, and Punch ’s social externality analyzes the psychological content or meaning more deeply In the infiltration of social factors. However, in the face of the problems of causality, self-knowledge and empty concepts, externalists find it hard to give a satisfactory response.