目的了解丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）感染及病毒血症存在情况。方法用酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）和聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）对不同人群的血清标本做了抗－ＨＣＶ、抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ和ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的检测，并对三项指标间的关系进行了对比分析。结果抗－ＨＣＶ在普通成年人、献血员、急性肝炎和肝硬化患者中的检出率分别是３５７％，８５８％，６２５％和４８３８％；与ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的符合率分别是１１４３％，６１１１％，８００％和７３３３％。相同人群抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ与ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的符合率分别是７５％，９０９％，８１８１％和１００％。结论抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ比抗－ＨＣＶ能更客观地反映ＨＣＶ病毒血症的情况，个别抗－ＨＣＶ阴性血清检测到了抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ和ＨＣＶＲＮＡ。 Objective To understand the existence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and viremia. Methods Serum samples from different populations were tested for anti-HCV, anti-HCVVIm and HCV RNA using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the relationships among the three indicators were analyzed . Results The detection rates of anti-HCV in normal adults, blood donors, patients with acute hepatitis and cirrhosis were 357%, 858%, 625% and 4838%, respectively. The coincidence rates with HCVRNA Respectively 1143%, 6111%, 800% and 7333%. The coincidence rates of anti-HCVVI and HCVRNA in the same population were 75%, 90.9%, 81.81% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-HCVVI shows a more objective reflection of HCV viremia than anti-HCV, and anti-HCVVI and HCV RNA are detected in individual anti-HCV negative sera.