The deletion of the C-terminal arginine of the anaphylatoxin protein C5a reduces it receptor binding affinity. Understanding how C-terminal arginine affects the structure and bioactivity of C5a is important for the development of C5a C-terminal mimics as drug candidates. Herein, we report the total chemical synthesis of rat C5a and its D-enantiomer with its C-terminal arginine deleted, namely L-rC5a-desArg and D-rC5a-desArg. The structure of rC5a-desArg was then determined by racemic crystallography for the first time. The C-terminal residues of rC5a-Arg were found to expand from the fourth helix in a continuous helical conformation. This C-terminal conformation is significantly different from that of the previously reported full-length of C5a, indicating that the deletion of C-terminal arginine residue could result in the destruction of a positively charged surface formed by two adjacent Arg residues in C5a. ? 2019 Chinese Chemical Society and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.