Cytokinins are a class of phytohormones that promote cell division and differentiation and are thought to affect plant immunity to multiple pathogens. However, a comprehensive analysis of cytokinin dehydrogenase/oxidase (CKX) family genes in cabbage has not been reported. In this study, a total of 36 CKX genes were identified using a genome-wide search method. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into three groups. They were distributed unevenly across nine chromosomes in B. oleracea, and 15 of them did not contain any introns. The results of colinearity analysis showed that 36 CKX gene in Arabidopsis was present in several copies in the Brassica oleracea genome. An analysis of cis-acting elements indicated that all genes possessed at least one stress or hormone responsive cis-acting element. A heatmap of CKX gene expression showed the patterns of expression of these genes in various tissues and organs. Three genes (Bol028363, Bol031036 and Bol018140) were relatively highly expressed in all of the investigated tissues under normal conditions, showing the expression profile of housekeeping genes. Generally, the expression patterns of CKX genes in Jingfeng 1 and Xiangan 336 were quite different under the same treatment. Notably, three genes (Bol020547, Bol028392 and Bol045724) were significantly down-regulated and up-regulated in the susceptible and resistant material, respectively, after inoculation, which may indicate their crucial roles in resistance to clubroot disease. The results provide insights for better understanding the roles of CKX genes in the B. oleracea–P. brassicae interaction.