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公元1644年这一年,在中国历史上,实在是一个政治风云诡谲多变,值得回味、值得纪念的年头。这年正月,农民起义领袖李自成在西安建立了国号大顺、年号永昌的政权,3月19日攻克北京,推翻了统治中国277年的明王朝。也就是在这一天,崇祯皇帝携太监王承恩登上煤山,在衣襟上写下遗诏,自缢于山亭。这位明朝末代皇帝临终时曾鸣钟召集百官,竟无一人至,他在遗诏中又是悔恨自己,又是怪罪群臣,凄凄惨惨地写道:“朕凉德藐躬,上干天咎,然皆诸臣误朕。朕死无面目见祖宗,自去冠冕,以发覆面,任贼分裂”。然而,起义军进京后好景不长。4月,明王朝驻防山海关总兵吴三桂引清兵入关,李自成亲率20万军迎击,因战斗失利,退出北京,败走西安。5月,清兵入京。10月,多尔衮把顺治帝从沈阳接到北京,从此开始了清王朝在中国的统治。
In the year 1644 AD, in the history of China, it was indeed a year of treacherous and volatile political memorabilia worth remembering. In the first lunar January, peasant uprising leader Li Zicheng established a state of power in Xi’an on the ebony, Yongchang regime. On March 19 he captured Beijing and overthrew the Ming Dynasty, which ruled China for 277 years. That is, on this day, Chongzhen emperor with eunuch Wang Cheng’en boarded Meishan, wrote an emblem on the lapel, since Zhan Shan Pavilion. The Ming dynasty, when the emperor died on the roar of the bell called the Baiguan, unexpectedly one person to go, in his widow is remorse for himself, but also blame the ministers, mournfully wrote: “Emotional despise, dry days Blame, and then all the officials mistakenly 朕 朕 dead faceless see ancestors, since to the crown, in order to cover, let the thief split. ” However, the rebel forces did not prosper after their entry into Beijing. In April, Wu Sangui, the chief of the Ming Dynasty’s Customs Office of Customs and Excise Department, led the troops into the customs clearance. Li Zicheng, a 200-thousand-year-old pro-army unit, hit Beijing to defeat Xi’an because of the defeat. In May, Qing troops entered Beijing. In October, Dorgon brought Shunzhi Emperor to Shenyang from Shenyang and began the rule of the Qing dynasty in China.