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1976年,唐纳德·布莱克(Donald Black)教授在其著作《法律之运作行为》(The Behavior of Law)①中首次提出了一个深具科学性的社会学理论:法律之运作行为,作为一种政府性质的社会控制方式,是可以量化、可以预见及可以根据普遍性的法学原则作推论的。法律这个概念在布莱克的理论中占据了中心的位置。然而,一些持批判观点的论者认为,布莱克的理论有很多问题。首先,他们认为布莱克的概念并不清晰,“政府”这个措词,作为一个重要的概念性连贯点,并没有在他的理论中被界定。其次,他的理论在应用于实际时显得并不足够,譬如他的理论就无法掌握住中国社会中一些重要而实在的半政府或无政府之名但行政府之实(quasi and de facto government)②的社会控制机构及方法。本文正是要介绍社会控制方法在一定程度上具有政府性质这种法学观点,并透过这个机会去重构布莱克的法律概念。同时,本文也要指出,法律在一定程度上作为政府性质的社会控制方式,是在政府允许私人性质的社会控制方式或将社会控制的权力授予私人机构的前提下存在的。
In 1976, Professor Donald Black first proposed a very scientific sociological theory in his book, The Behavior of Law, the operation of the law as a government The nature of social control is quantitative, predictable, and inferred based on universal legal principles. The concept of law occupies a central place in Black’s theory. However, some critics hold the view that there are many problems with Blake’s theory. First, they did not think Black’s concept was clear. The term “government”, as an important conceptual coherence, was not defined in his theory. Second, his theory seems inadequate when applied to practice. For example, his theory can not grasp the important and actual semi-government or anarchy in Chinese society but the quasi and de facto government, ② social control agencies and methods. This article aims to introduce the legal point of view that the method of social control to a certain extent has the nature of government and through this opportunity to reconstruct Black’s legal concept. At the same time, this article also points out that the law, to a certain extent, acts as a government-controlled social control system under the premise that the government allows the private-owned social control mode or the power of social control to be granted to the private sector.