AIM: To evaluate the impact of early steroid withdrawal on the incidence of rejection, tumor recurrence and complications after liver transplantation for advancedstage hepatocellular carcinoma.METHODS: Fifty-four patients underwent liver transplantation for advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma from April 2003 to June 2005. These cases were divided into a steroid-withdrawal group (group A, n = 28) and a steroid-maintenance group (group B,n = 26). In group A, steroid was withdrawn 3 mo after transplantation. In group B, steroid was continuously used postoperatively. The incidence of rejection, 6-mo and 1-year recurrence rate of carcinoma, 1-year survival rate, mean serum tacrolimus trough level, and liver and kidney function were compared between the two groups.RESULTS: In the two groups, no statistical difference was observed in the incidence of rejection (14.3 vs 11.5%, P ＞ 0.05), mean serum tacrolimus trough levels (6.9 ± 1.4 vs 7.1 ± 1.1 μg/L, P ＞ 0.05), liver and kidney function after 6 mo [alanine aminotransferase (ALT):533 ± 183 vs 617 ± 217 nka/L, P ＞ 0.05; creatinine:66 ± 18 vs 71 ± 19 μmol/L, P ＞ 0.05], 6-mo recurrence rate of carcinoma (25.0 vs 42.3%, P ＞ 0.05), and 1-year survival rate (64.2 vs 46.1%, P ＞ 0.05). The 1-year tumor recurrence rate (39.2 vs 69.2%, P ＜ 0.05), serum cholesterol level (3.9 ± 1.8 vs 5.9 ± 2.6 mmol/L, P ＜ 0.01)and fasting blood sugar (5.1 ± 2.1 vs 8.9 ± 3.6 mmol/L,P ＜ 0.01) were significantly different. These were lower in the steroid-withdrawal group than in the steroidmaintenance group.CONCLUSION: Early steroid withdrawal was safe after liver transprantation in patients with advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. When steroids were withdrawn 3 mo post-operation, the incidence of rejection did not increase, and there was no demand to maintain tacrolimus at a high level. In contrast, the tumor recurrence rate and the potential of adverse effects decreased significantly. This may have led to an increase in long-term survival rate.