中日甲午战争,也被一些史学家揶揄为“日本帝国与清朝北洋衙门之间的战争”。这一点本质反映了当时清政府无法系统地组织资源进行现代民族国家的全面战争,多级的权力结构极大地弱化了清朝一方的战争能力。19世纪末的清帝国,在国家行政管理体制上,还是一个较为落后的国家。尽管有表面上的高度中央集权,但随着中国逐渐融入全球体系,地方政府兼有的职能越来越多,甚至 The Sino-Japanese War of 1894, was also used by some historians as “the war between the Japanese Empire and the Beiyang Yamen in the Qing Dynasty.” This essence reflects the fact that the Qing government was unable to systematically organize resources for the all-out war in the modern nation-state at that time. The multi-level power structure greatly weakened the ability of the Qing side to fight the war. The Qing empire at the end of the 19th century was still a relatively backward country in the state administration system. Despite the seemingly high degree of centralization, as China gradually integrates into the global system, local governments have more and more functions, and even