用 12个水稻亲本按NCⅡ设计配组 32F1 杂种 ,以汕优 6 3为对照 ,研究播始历期、株高、穗长及产量因素等 8个性状的杂种优势。并以 12个亲本为DNA样品来源 ,通过随机引物PCR扩增基因组DNA的多态性 ,探索利用RAPD标记水稻亲本遗传距离预测杂种优势的可能性。由RAPD数据计算的Nei’s遗传距离创建聚类树状图。聚类分析结果表明 ,籼稻和粳稻容易被分开 ,普通粳稻又容易与光壳稻、爪哇稻分开 ,但光壳稻和爪哇稻混合聚在一起。F1 每穗总粒数的优势最强 ,中亲优势平均为 33.46 % ,竞争优势平均为 2 3.10 %。F1 播始历期、株高、穗长、有效穗 4个性状中亲优势和竞争优势均表现为粳×粳 <粳×偏粳 <粳×籼。每穗总粒数的中亲优势也表现上述趋势 ,而竞争优势则是粳×粳 <粳×籼 <粳×偏粳。全生育期、株高、穗长的中亲优势和竞争优势与遗传距离之间均达极显著相关。每穗总粒数的中亲优势与遗传距离之间达显著相关 ,而竞争优势则达极显著相关。根据聚类图发现普通粳稻亚群内杂种优势较弱 ,亚群间即生态群间的杂种优势较强 ,群间即籼、粳亚种间杂种优势更强。利用光壳稻、爪哇稻选育不同生态群方向的恢复系和不育系 ,配组超强优势的杂交稻组合。 Twelve rice parents were used to design 32F1 hybrids with NC Ⅱ design. Shanyou 63 was used as a control to study the heterosis of 8 traits including sowing date, plant height, spike length and yield. Twelve parents were used as DNA samples to amplify the polymorphism of genomic DNA by random primer PCR and to explore the possibility of predicting the heterosis by RAPD markers of rice parents’ genetic distance. Nei’s genetic distance calculated from RAPD data creates a cluster tree. Cluster analysis showed that indica and japonica could be separated easily, and common japonica rice could be easily separated from husk rice and javanica, but light husk rice and javanica rice mixed together. F1 per panicle has the strongest advantage, the average pro-parent advantage is 33.46% and the average competitive advantage is 2 3.10%. F1 progenies, plant height, spike length, effective panicle characters of the four traits of pro-dominant and competitive advantages of japonica × japonica × japonica × japonica × indica. The mid-parent advantage per panicle also showed the above trend, while the competitive advantage was japonica × japonica × indica × japonica × partial japonica. The whole growth period, plant height, spike length of the pro-parent advantage and competitive advantage and genetic distance between the two reached a very significant correlation. There was a significant correlation between the progeny and the genetic distance of the total grain number per panicle, while the competitive advantage reached a very significant correlation. Based on the cluster analysis, it was found that the heterosis was weaker in the subgroups of common japonica rice, and the heterosis among the subgroups was stronger. The heterosis between the indica and japonica subspecies was stronger. Using light shell rice and Javanese rice, the restorer lines and CMS lines of different ecological groups were selected, and the super hybrid rice combinations were arranged.