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With the idea of the phononic crystals, a thin rectangular plate with two-dimensional periodic structure is designed. Flexural wave band structures of such a plate with infinite structure are calculated with the plane-wave expansion (PWE) method, and directional band gaps are found in the ΓX direction. The acceleration frequency response in the ΓX direction of such a plate with finite structure is simulated with the finite element method and verified with a vibration experiment. The frequency ranges of sharp drops in the calculated and measured acceleration frequency response curves are in basic agreement with those in the band structures. Thin plate is a widely used component in the engineering structures. The existence of band gaps in such periodic structures gives a new idea in vibration control of thin plates.