瑞典植物学家林奈与茶叶的西传

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在近代中西文化交流史上,最近五年来瑞典的形象相当突出。2005年,瑞典仿古重建的远洋帆船哥特堡号由哥特堡出发,循历史航线东行,造访广州与上海,当时我正在上海访学。2007年是瑞典自然学家林奈三百年诞辰(1707-2007),北京大学乐黛云教授主编的《跨文化对话》筹画了中国瑞典文化交流专号,发表了与林奈有关的论文。当时我正在执行一个科研项目,题目是《自然历史与自然系统的文本初探:林奈、达尔文、李时珍》。林奈是近代生物分类学或系统学的开山祖,他替生物世界建立了分类系统,动植物的拉丁文名称亦由林奈再规范。举例来说,“人类”的拉丁名Homo sapiens(智人)便是根据林奈发明的双重命名法,这个命名法一直沿用至今;茶的拉丁文学名叫Csmellia sinensis,前面一个字(Camellia(茶)指其类(genus),后面的sinensis(中国的)指其种(species),属于较低的分支,限定并描述了它从属的类。东西交通史少不了茶的贸易故事。有关林奈与茶叶的报导也不少。为了促进瑞典的经济发展,他企图从中国引进茶株,移植到瑞典。在众多东来华,采茶取丝的欧洲人中,瑞典人倒是唯一成功移植活株茶树的。航海家卡尔?埃克伯格船长,出发前获得林奈有关栽培的锦囊妙计,竟然于1763年10月带回国存活的茶树。林奈大喜,准备把这株茶命名为Camellia Ekebergia(埃种茶)。当年运输的最大功臣就是前面所提到的,在瑞典家门口沈没的哥特堡号。偏执的林奈对命名有严格的规定,除了古希腊语和拉丁语外,其他语育尽量不要用,实在没有办法时,也要把那些?舌之音译为希腊语。茶的问题来了!拉丁学名固然没有问题,但现代欧语和拉丁普通话的/tea/(及其变奏),源自汉语(闽南语)可以说是很不理想的外来蛮语,林奈便把/t/与/th/改为拉丁语无法发音的希腊字母/θ/,如此一来,/dea/(/thea/)便成为/θεα/,和希腊女神同名,岂不妙哉?林奈曾为文指出:“理性和经验为人类知识的两大砥柱。两者的结合才能成就好医生。”就字源与内涵而论,他所谓的“经验”包括“实验”。这和李时珍秉承宋明理学的格物致知,实有异曲同工之趣味,《本草纲目》的“纲”和“目”体例,固然援用自朱熹;李时珍自序凡例曰:“虽曰医家药品,其考释性理,实吾儒格物之学,可稗尔雅诗疏之缺。”也说明了致用与治人之学,小至草木鸟兽虫鱼名实之辨,大至望闻问切药石处方,舍实践则无能为功也。本论文透过林奈和茶的因缘,讨论福建在18世纪跨国贸易和文化交流上所扮演的重要角色。 In the history of modern Chinese and Western cultural exchanges, the image of Sweden has been quite prominent in the recent five years. In 2005, Gothenburg, an antique cruise ship reconstructed from Sweden, departed from Gothenburg and traveled eastward on the historical route to visit Guangzhou and Shanghai. At that time, I was visiting Shanghai. 2007 is the birth anniversary of the Swedish naturalist Linnaeus 300 years (1707-2007), the “Intercultural Dialogue” edited by Professor Le Daiyun of Peking University draws up the documentary of China’s Swedish cultural exchanges and published the papers related to Linnaeus . At the time I was running a research project titled “A Textual Approach to Natural History and the Natural System: Linnaeus, Darwin, and Li Shizhen.” Linnaeus is a modern ancestor of taxonomic or systematic science. He established a classification system for the biological world, and the Latin names of plants and animals are regulated by Linnaeus. For example, the Latin name Homo sapiens (“Homo sapiens”) of “humanity” is a double nomenclature invented by Linnaeus. The nomenclature has been in use ever since; the tea Latin name is Csmellia sinensis, the first word (Camellia (Tea) refers to genus (genus), followed by sinensis (china) refers to species, belongs to the lower branch, defines and describes its subordinate class. In order to promote the economic development of Sweden, he attempted to introduce tea plants from China and transplant it to Sweden, among which the Swedes were the only successful transplant recipients Captain Carl Eckberger of the Tea Plantation, who got the forestry-related cultivation plan before departure, even brought back the tea tree that survived in October 1763. Linna proudly prepared to name the tea Camellia Ekebergia ( Egyptian species of tea.) The greatest contributor to the year was the aforementioned Gothenburg, which sank at the gates of Sweden, and Paranoid Linne had strict rules on naming, except for Ancient Greek and Latin Yu do not want to use, real If there’s no other way, translate the tongue’s tongue into Greek. The question of tea is coming! There is no problem with the Latin name, but the modern / European / Latin / Mandarin / tea / (and variations thereof) Language) can be said to be very unsatisfactory foreign language, Linnah will / t / and / th / to Latin unreadable Greek letters / θ /, so, / dea / (/ thea /) will Become a / θεα /, and Greek goddess of the same name, is not it wonderful? Linnai once pointed out for the article: “Reason and experience are the two mainstay of human knowledge, the combination of the two can be a good doctor.” “ In terms of connotation, his so-called ”experience “ includes ”experiment “ This and Li Shizhen uphold Song Ming Neo-Confucianism to know, there are similarities and differences of interest, ”Compendium of Materia Medica“ ”Gang“ and ” Although the reference to the physician’s medicine, the test of reason, the real Confucianism of Confucianism, can be eager Elsa poetry sparse. "Also shows the use of and Governing the school, small to the name of the animals and insects, birds and animals to distinguish the name and smell Wenxiu ask prescription medicine, homes for practice is incompetent for the sake of success.This paper through the affinity of Linnaeus and tea to discuss the Fujian 18 Century transnational trade and cultural exchange plays an important role.
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