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Background Inflammation and immunity play a vital role in the pathogenesis of early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-KB) regulates many genes essential for inflammation and immunity and is activated by toll-like receptor (TLR). This study aimed to detect the expression of the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B (TLR4/NF-KB) signaling in the rat brain after early SAH. Methods The rats were decapitated and their brains were removed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after a single injection of blood into the prechiasmatic cist, mRNA expression of TLR4 was measured by Taqman real-time RT-PCR, and protein expression by immunohistochemistry and West blotting. NF-KB activity and concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-lbeta (IL-β) and intedeukin-6 (IL-6) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results TaqMan real-time RT-PCR and West blotting identified a biphasic change in TLR4 expression in both mRNA and protein: an initial peak (2-6 hours) and a sustained elevation (12-48 hours). Immunohistochemical staining showed the inducible expression of TLR4-1ike immunoreactions predominantly in glial cells and vascular endothelium. A similar biphasic change in the activation of NF-KB subunit p65 as well as the production of NF-KB-regulated proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) were detected by ELISA. Conclusions These data suggest that experimental SAH induces significant up-regulation of TLR4 expression and the NF-KB signaling in early brain injury. Activation of the TLR4/NF-KB signaling may regulate the inflammatory responses after SAH.