“传统中国”的概念,似乎可以从纵、横两方面来理解:就时间即“纵”而言,始自上古三代,历经汉唐宋元,降及明清诸朝,均在其范围之内;就专业领域即“横”而言,则政治、经济、军事、外交、思想、文化、风俗、宗教等等,全都包罗其中。甚至,鉴于社会制度、意识形态、风俗习惯等方面的长久传承性,即使晚清和民国时期的某些事件和现象,也可 The concept of “traditional China” seems to be understood in both vertical and horizontal terms: in terms of time, ie “vertical”, from the three generations of ancient China to the Han, Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties, Within its sphere; in the area of ​​specialization, “horizontal”, all are political, economic, military, diplomatic, intellectual, cultural, customs, religious and so on. Even in view of the long-term succession of the social system, ideology, customs and other aspects, even certain events and phenomena in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China may