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语言是一种音义结合的符号系统,语言符号都由能指和所指两个方面构成,能指是语音,所指是语义。语言符号的声音和意义之间的联系不是必然的而是任意的,由社会约定俗成的。普通语言学语言符号的“任意性”有着自己独特、丰富、严谨的含义:它既包括任意性与强制性、可变性与不可变性,也包括绝对任意性与相对任意性,同时也包括约定性、民族传统性、理据性。本文将通过国内外任意性与象似性的论争现状来对语言符号的任意性特点进行阐述。纵观国内外语言学界20年来的争论,我们可以发现两者的论争基本上以三种观点为主展开的:1)一部分学者认为语言符号是任意的。他们在重申索绪尔观点正确性的基础上进一步强调语言符号的任意性原则;2)一部分学者对任意性原则持反对观,他们认为语言符号是象似的;3)还有学者认为应该辩证地来看语言符号的任意性与象似性问题,应该考虑语言符号在语言系统不同层面上的关系。这些人认为象似性与任意性是语言符号的两个重要原则,它们的重要性因语言系统的不同层面而有所变化。
Language is a combination of sound and meaning of the symbol system, language symbols by the signifier and referring to the two aspects of composition, the signifier is the voice, the meaning is semantic. The connection between the sound and the meaning of the linguistic sign is not necessarily but arbitrarily defined by the society. The “arbitrary” of linguistic symbols of ordinary linguistics has its own unique, rich and rigorous meaning: it includes both arbitrary and mandatory, variable and immutable as well as absolute arbitrary and relative arbitrary, as well as Conventionality, National Tradition, Motivation This article will elaborate the arbitrariness of language symbols through the current situation of the debate between arbitrariness and iconicity at home and abroad. Looking at the arguments of the linguistics circles both at home and abroad over the past 20 years, we can find that the debate between the two mainly starts with three perspectives: 1) Some scholars think that the linguistic signs are arbitrary. On the basis of reiterating the correctness of Saussure’s view, they further emphasize the principle of arbitrariness of linguistic signs; 2) Some scholars hold opposing opinions on the principle of arbitrariness, and they think linguistic signs are iconic; 3) Some scholars think that it should be dialectic To look at the arbitrariness and iconicity of linguistic signs, we should consider the relationship between linguistic signs at different levels of the linguistic system. These people hold the view that iconicity and arbitrariness are two important principles of linguistic signs. Their importance varies depending on the different levels of the linguistic system.