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摘要：主旨大意題是高考阅读理解的主要题型之一，主要用来考查考生对文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。主旨大意题是学生容易失分的题型，笔者通过对近几年的高考进行研究，本文中对不同文体的主旨大意题分类进行指导。
关键词：高考英语;主旨大意题;教法
中图分类号：G632.0 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1992-7711（2019）06-0118
主旨大意题常见的命题形式有：1.What is the main idea of the passage？2. What is the best title for the passage？3. What is the purpose of this article？
一、新闻报道
新闻报道因为其文体的特殊性，主旨大意题通常出现在第一段。因此，找到一个最能概括第一段内容的答案则为正确答案。
Passage 1
A schoolgirl saved her father’s life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a
serious allergic （过敏的） reaction which stopped his heart.
42. Why does the author write the news？
A. To describe a serious accident. B. To prove the importance of CPR.
C. To report a 9-year-old girl’s brave act. D. To call people’s attention to allergic reaction.
由文章第一段可指，文章将报道一个小女孩救父亲的勇敢行为，故答案为C。
二、应用文
高考中的应用文通常为广告、旅游景点介绍、电视节目介绍等。读者想想为什么作者写广告，为什么要介绍旅游景点电视节目等。所以，应用文通常考的是写作目的，通常应用文的写作目的是为了吸引旅客、推销产品等。
Passage 2
Do you want to get home from work knowing you have made a real difference in someone’s life？
If yes， don’t care about sex or age！ Come and join us， then you’ll make it！
Position： Volunteer Social Care Assistant
（No Pay with Free Meals）
Place： Manchester
Hours： Part Time
We are now looking for volunteers to support people with learning disabilities to live active lives！ Only 4 days left. Don’t miss the chance of lending your warm hands to help others！
31. The text is meant to ________
A. leave a noteB. send an invitation
C. present a documentD. carry an advertisement
根据相关段落和应该文文体特点，可知正确答案为D.
三、说明文
全国卷的主旨大意题主要是说明文。说明文是用来传授知识，说明问题的，包括科普性文章和研究报告。读者需要明白作者想要告诉你什么，特别注意第一段，每段的首句。注意单词“research， study， evidence， show， conclude， suggest”等。
Passage 3
If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what’s around. It’s called Apple Day but in practice it’s more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21， but since it has caught on， events now spread out over most of October around Britain.
Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see， and often taste， a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets， it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence， such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn’t taste of anything special， it’s still worth a try， as is the knobbly（多疙瘩的） Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else. There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette， but you’ll need a warm， sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it， so it’s a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.
At the events， you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions， and because these are family affairs， children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games.
Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit， including stately gardens and commercial orchards（果园）.If you want to have a real orchard experience， try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale， near Faversham in Kent.
11.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A. To show how to grow apples.B .To introduce an apple festival.
C. To help people select apples.D. To promote apple research.
通过阅读第一段和每段和第一句，可知作者向我们介绍了一个节日，故答案为B
四、议论文
议论文的主旨大意题通常分为两种。第一种是标题类，通常第一段会交代文章议论了什么问题。第二种是文章想要说服你相信什么，第二种注意“in my opinion， I believe， I am against， but， yet， however”等词汇。
五、记叙文
记叙文通常是一个故事或者一次经历，有时候用一个故事激励读者。记叙文通常要阅读全文才能得出主旨大意。阅读时注意文中反复出现的中心詞，特别注意最后一段的情感升华。
以上是从五种不同的文体介绍了判断文章主旨的主要方法，真正要熟练运用这些方法还需要反复练习。还需要在大量的阅读实践中不断思考、总结，得出自己的体会。
（作者单位：湖南省岳阳市第十五中学 414000）
关键词：高考英语;主旨大意题;教法
中图分类号：G632.0 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1992-7711（2019）06-0118
主旨大意题常见的命题形式有：1.What is the main idea of the passage？2. What is the best title for the passage？3. What is the purpose of this article？
一、新闻报道
新闻报道因为其文体的特殊性，主旨大意题通常出现在第一段。因此，找到一个最能概括第一段内容的答案则为正确答案。
Passage 1
A schoolgirl saved her father’s life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a
serious allergic （过敏的） reaction which stopped his heart.
42. Why does the author write the news？
A. To describe a serious accident. B. To prove the importance of CPR.
C. To report a 9-year-old girl’s brave act. D. To call people’s attention to allergic reaction.
由文章第一段可指，文章将报道一个小女孩救父亲的勇敢行为，故答案为C。
二、应用文
高考中的应用文通常为广告、旅游景点介绍、电视节目介绍等。读者想想为什么作者写广告，为什么要介绍旅游景点电视节目等。所以，应用文通常考的是写作目的，通常应用文的写作目的是为了吸引旅客、推销产品等。
Passage 2
Do you want to get home from work knowing you have made a real difference in someone’s life？
If yes， don’t care about sex or age！ Come and join us， then you’ll make it！
Position： Volunteer Social Care Assistant
（No Pay with Free Meals）
Place： Manchester
Hours： Part Time
We are now looking for volunteers to support people with learning disabilities to live active lives！ Only 4 days left. Don’t miss the chance of lending your warm hands to help others！
31. The text is meant to ________
A. leave a noteB. send an invitation
C. present a documentD. carry an advertisement
根据相关段落和应该文文体特点，可知正确答案为D.
三、说明文
全国卷的主旨大意题主要是说明文。说明文是用来传授知识，说明问题的，包括科普性文章和研究报告。读者需要明白作者想要告诉你什么，特别注意第一段，每段的首句。注意单词“research， study， evidence， show， conclude， suggest”等。
Passage 3
If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what’s around. It’s called Apple Day but in practice it’s more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21， but since it has caught on， events now spread out over most of October around Britain.
Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see， and often taste， a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets， it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence， such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn’t taste of anything special， it’s still worth a try， as is the knobbly（多疙瘩的） Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else. There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette， but you’ll need a warm， sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it， so it’s a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.
At the events， you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions， and because these are family affairs， children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games.
Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit， including stately gardens and commercial orchards（果园）.If you want to have a real orchard experience， try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale， near Faversham in Kent.
11.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A. To show how to grow apples.B .To introduce an apple festival.
C. To help people select apples.D. To promote apple research.
通过阅读第一段和每段和第一句，可知作者向我们介绍了一个节日，故答案为B
四、议论文
议论文的主旨大意题通常分为两种。第一种是标题类，通常第一段会交代文章议论了什么问题。第二种是文章想要说服你相信什么，第二种注意“in my opinion， I believe， I am against， but， yet， however”等词汇。
五、记叙文
记叙文通常是一个故事或者一次经历，有时候用一个故事激励读者。记叙文通常要阅读全文才能得出主旨大意。阅读时注意文中反复出现的中心詞，特别注意最后一段的情感升华。
以上是从五种不同的文体介绍了判断文章主旨的主要方法，真正要熟练运用这些方法还需要反复练习。还需要在大量的阅读实践中不断思考、总结，得出自己的体会。
（作者单位：湖南省岳阳市第十五中学 414000）