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我国的二十四气是阳历的一种特殊形式.它们的测定,特别是冬夏二至的测定,历来依靠中影长度的周年变化的观测.整套的二十四气中影长度的数据,最早见于《周牌算经》.除了二至以外,这套数据是根据对称法则(例如立冬和立春中影等长)和等差法则(例如冬至、小寒和大寒,中影成等差级数)进行推算的.东汉《四分历》的实测数据证明等差法则实际上出于臆测,却给我们留下了立冬中影长于立春中影的问题.南北朝的何承天根据这个问题的分析,得出《四分历》“冬至后天”的结论.祖冲之用比例内插的方法,求出当时冬至后天的具体数值,并且把有关的原理引进了冬至时刻的测定,使天文观测和数学归算结合起来,从而大大提高观测精度.唐代的僧一行通过冬至中影的各地同时观测,破除了中影长度千里差一寸的断言,从而在理论上否定了中影长度的等差法则.宋代的周琮通过二十四气中影的三年连续观测,求出了中影长度的逐日变化的规律,表明:中影长度变化最快的日期是冬春二立.元代的郭守敬在总结前人的经验的基础上,把我国古代日影观测的工具和方法,提高到最新的水平.
China’s 24 gas is a special form of the solar calendar.Their measurements, especially the measurement of summer and winter, have always relied on the observation of the change of the annual change of the length of the China Film.The data of the length of the 24-film medium shadow was first seen in “ Weeks. ”The data are based on the laws of symmetry (eg, the equal length of mid-winter and mid-spring) and the rule of equal difference (eg, the winter solstice, Osamu Osamu and Daihatsu, The measured data of the “Four Divisions” in the Eastern Han Dynasty proved that the rule of equanimity actually came out of speculation, but left us with the problem that the filming of Mid-winter in mid-spring was longer than that in mid-spring. According to the analysis of this question, Winter solstice acquired the conclusion. "Zuchong’s method of using proportional interpolation, find the specific values of the day after the winter solstice, and the introduction of the relevant principles of winter solstice moment of determination, so that astronomical observations and mathematical calculations together, thereby greatly improving the observation accuracy The Monk and his entourage of the Tang Dynasty, through the simultaneous observation throughout the winter solstice and the middle of the shadow, broke away the assertion of a thousand miles in length and thus denied theoretically the principle of disparity in the length of the film. Zhou 琮 adopted twenty-four years of continuous film of three-dimensional continuous observation, obtained the length of the film changes in the law of day by day, show that: China Film’s most rapidly changing date is winter and spring .Or generation Guo Shou-jing in summing up previous experience On the basis of the ancient Japanese shadow observation tools and methods to the latest level.