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18世纪,西属拉美殖民地生产的白银通过大型帆船从阿卡普尔科运到马尼拉,中国船员和欧洲贸易商再将白银从马尼拉输运到中国东南沿海。从此,中国形成了双金属货币制度,铜钱和银圆可以互换,并且对进口白银很依赖。而在英国,黄金、汇票和政府规制扮演着重要角色,从这个角度来说,中西货币制度的差异很大。当时的英国以及欧洲大陆,信用经济兴起,纸币被广泛使用,这些都有助于我们理解为何中国与欧洲在19世纪走上了截然不同的发展道路。
In the 18th century, the silver produced by the Spanish-American colonies in Western Spain was transported from Acapulco to Manila via a large sailing ship. Chinese crews and European traders then transported the silver from Manila to the southeast coast of China. Since then, China has formed a bimetallic monetary system, in which copper and silver coins are interchangeable and dependent on silver imports. In the United Kingdom, gold, bills of exchange and government regulations play an important role. From this perspective, the monetary system in China and the West is very different. The rise of the credit economy and the wide use of banknotes at that time in the United Kingdom and in continental Europe helped us to understand why China and Europe embarked on radically different paths of development in the 19th century.