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Abstract: People are witnesses of life imperilling and working background too, as today, even during the evolution. People’s life interface is disturbed with different shapes of contamination: natural disasters (floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and the other); on purpose or accidentally-different shapes like: wars, fires, chemical fates, using of dangerous materials in production processes and everyday life… In these mentioned specific conditions, breathing is imperiled, like the vital function of men’s life and working interfaces. With the technical-technology progress, it is enclosed the development equipment for protection and safety of the respiratory parts of body, faces and eyes, regard to breathing apparatus. Applying the breathing apparatus, the total protection of the respiratory parts of the body, faces and eyes to aggressive materials, smoke and warmth is enabled. Today in the world there are many producers of breathing apparatus with similar technical-technological solutions, of which should be mentioned the main ones: MSA Auer, Dr?ger and Interspiro. Using of the breathing apparatus in practice, continual performation of different activities without consequences for the health and life of the user is enabled, what firstly depends on the user’s education, regular using, controlling examination and maintenance/servicing.
Key words: Contamination, safety of respiratory parts of the body, faces and eyes, breathing apparatus, education, maintenance/servicing.
1. Introduction
Since the formation of the first fire brigades in the period of the Roman Empire which governed Neron(1st century A.D.), people have been protecting from smoke and fire with the improvised means which have been improved during the history.
The first breathing apparatus (regenerative apparatus on compressed oxygen) produced in German factory Dr?ger in 1910. And without particular changes was used until 1924; when its way of carrying was changed. Until then, breathing apparatus was carried on the chest. Of course this type of apparatus was modified introducing new technical-technological solutions including electronics for controlling work and checking those ones. One of these apparatus is Air Elite 4 h by MSA Auer the producer, with the interval of four hours.
Apart from protective clothes and footwear in the fire brigades, the protection of respiratory organs by the breathing apparatus has the most important role. Nowadays, we cannot imagine any intervention (fire, chemical accidents, etc.) in the world and in our country, without using the breathing apparatus. Considering irritated and poisonous features of a smoke in the fire, and irritated and toxical features in the chemical accidents, which at first affect respiratory organs, face and eyes, we realize their importance and a role in the protection. The breathing apparatus offer the protection even from the different kinds of microbes, even antrax, by setting different types of membranes into the lung automats. Such solution, gave Swedish producer “Interspiro” with its model
carbon dioxide 0.03% and other gases 0.93%(precious gases He, Ne, Ar, Cr, Xe, Rn) [4]. Disadvantageous structure of the air negatively affects human organism, in other words, his activity. Oxygen’s content hardly ever goes under 19%, and carbon dioxide hardly ever goes over 0.3% in the working environments with the bad ventilation [5]. It should be noted that if the concentration of the oxygen in the air goes down under 17%, problems with breathing appear, and with the concentration of 15% burning of the most matters stop [6]. If the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air goes up more than 3%, there are problems with breathing, with the concentration of 14% suffocation appears, while with the concentration of 25%, there is a momentarily death [4]. When burning out with releasing of the heat, there are smoke and poisonous gases which polluted the air. Inhaling the hot air into the lungs, there is coagulation of proteins even under the temperature of 42 Celsius degrees.
3. Means for Protection of Respiratory Organs
steel ones. Composite bottles are made of carbon and glass fibers, mutually connnected with epoxide resin, and as a basis aluminium cylinder serves to them, while “full” composite of the same structure are with thermoplastic basis.
The breathing apparatus by the rule can be used only by grown-ups (not older than 50), healthy and a qualified person. By education, users are introduced to basic parts, changes in new models, principles of work, and also that even the least negligence and inadequacy in the instruction, keeping and checking of apparatus, imperil his own life [9]. One of the most important factors is in using of air depending on physical effort Table 1. [10]. It should be noted that depending on the period of using of the breathing apparatus with the longer work, two bottles can be used, which are with the “T” parts connected to one reductive valve.
Once a year, examination and testing of the complete breathing apparatus are done by the authorized institution and for those the usable license is issued.
In the territory of the Republic of Sprska, actually Bosnia and Herzegovina examination and testing of the breathing apparatus are done on the base of Command about obligatory attesting of apparatus for protection of respiratory organs by “Official Gazette SFRJ” nb. 49/87.
Because of a bigger safety and possibilities to monitor users, on the belt of the breathing apparatus, a motion sensor is set or it is already integrated into the apparatus. After putting the apparatus on the user`s back, a motion sensor is activated, taking out a key for blocking. If a user rests, after 20 seconds, a prior to signal is activated, and if in after next 5 seconds, any movement is not realized, a sound signal of 95 dB is activated, which means that a user is in a big danger, or in the unconsciousness or he was injured because of the consequences of collapse, or falling from some height, explosion… If a user who has not been injured or hurt, he can cancel a sound alarm by putting the identification key into a motion sensor. On new devices there is a possibility of following a user with the electronic way, what offers a great advantage to a operator of the action so he can know in any moment where every fireman is or if a sound alarm is activated, and his location and evacuation. The device is charged with its own source—battery.
5. Conclusions
Protection of the respiratory organs during the intervention of firemen is very demanding because any protection is not 100% safe, and there is always possibility that this one let down. Understanding the principle of working and the intention of the breathing apparatus, it can be guessed what kind of consequences might be caused by their incorrect using and maintaining. To avoid these dangers, it is necessary to follow the producer`s instruction, to have everyday checks, and periodic checks (after using) in the own workshops of firebrigades, as well as regular annual attesting at the authorized institutions. It would be desirable that all bigger fire brigades are equipped with the control devices, and to test insulating apparatus, but also to modernize all these ones with new apparatus in which move sensors and transmitters are already integrated, with which the safety of users would increase and their monitoring during the intervention. Purchase of current equipment, education and trainings, reduce the risks of injuring of a user and damaging the equipment.
References
[1] Available online at: http://www.interspiro.com/ firefighting, accessed: October 15, 2010.
[2] M. Zagorac, Industrial toxicology, Faculty of Protection at Work, Ni?, 1978, p. 96.
[3] M. Ga?i?, Protection from fires and explosion, Faculty of Mechanical, University in Banjaluka, Banja Luka, 2002, p. 53, p. 55.
[4] G. Delez, V. Obuljen, Chemical Noxiousness-Noxious and Toxic Matters in the Industry, High Technical School for Safety at Work and Protection from Fires at University “Mo?a Pijade” Zagreb, 1973, p. 5, p. 187, p. 188.
[5] ?. Agovi?, Protection at work, Economic Review, Belgrade, 1976, p. 307.
[6] V. Kosti?, Basics of preventive protection from fires, Fire-Fighting Association of Yugoslavia, Belgrade, 1983, pp. 21-22, pp. 28-29.
[7] M. Devi?, Personal protective means, Library of Professional Edition, Zagreb, 1983, pp. 57-83.
[8] Available online at: http://www.msasaefty.rs, accessed: January 27, 2011.
[9] P. Grom, Fire Brigade Ljubljana, available online at: http://www.upvh/breathing apparatus, accessed: August 04, 2010.
[10] M. Dubravac, Basics of respiratory system protection, Fire School, Ljubljana, 2009, p. 20.
Key words: Contamination, safety of respiratory parts of the body, faces and eyes, breathing apparatus, education, maintenance/servicing.
1. Introduction
Since the formation of the first fire brigades in the period of the Roman Empire which governed Neron(1st century A.D.), people have been protecting from smoke and fire with the improvised means which have been improved during the history.
The first breathing apparatus (regenerative apparatus on compressed oxygen) produced in German factory Dr?ger in 1910. And without particular changes was used until 1924; when its way of carrying was changed. Until then, breathing apparatus was carried on the chest. Of course this type of apparatus was modified introducing new technical-technological solutions including electronics for controlling work and checking those ones. One of these apparatus is Air Elite 4 h by MSA Auer the producer, with the interval of four hours.
Apart from protective clothes and footwear in the fire brigades, the protection of respiratory organs by the breathing apparatus has the most important role. Nowadays, we cannot imagine any intervention (fire, chemical accidents, etc.) in the world and in our country, without using the breathing apparatus. Considering irritated and poisonous features of a smoke in the fire, and irritated and toxical features in the chemical accidents, which at first affect respiratory organs, face and eyes, we realize their importance and a role in the protection. The breathing apparatus offer the protection even from the different kinds of microbes, even antrax, by setting different types of membranes into the lung automats. Such solution, gave Swedish producer “Interspiro” with its model
carbon dioxide 0.03% and other gases 0.93%(precious gases He, Ne, Ar, Cr, Xe, Rn) [4]. Disadvantageous structure of the air negatively affects human organism, in other words, his activity. Oxygen’s content hardly ever goes under 19%, and carbon dioxide hardly ever goes over 0.3% in the working environments with the bad ventilation [5]. It should be noted that if the concentration of the oxygen in the air goes down under 17%, problems with breathing appear, and with the concentration of 15% burning of the most matters stop [6]. If the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air goes up more than 3%, there are problems with breathing, with the concentration of 14% suffocation appears, while with the concentration of 25%, there is a momentarily death [4]. When burning out with releasing of the heat, there are smoke and poisonous gases which polluted the air. Inhaling the hot air into the lungs, there is coagulation of proteins even under the temperature of 42 Celsius degrees.
3. Means for Protection of Respiratory Organs
steel ones. Composite bottles are made of carbon and glass fibers, mutually connnected with epoxide resin, and as a basis aluminium cylinder serves to them, while “full” composite of the same structure are with thermoplastic basis.
The breathing apparatus by the rule can be used only by grown-ups (not older than 50), healthy and a qualified person. By education, users are introduced to basic parts, changes in new models, principles of work, and also that even the least negligence and inadequacy in the instruction, keeping and checking of apparatus, imperil his own life [9]. One of the most important factors is in using of air depending on physical effort Table 1. [10]. It should be noted that depending on the period of using of the breathing apparatus with the longer work, two bottles can be used, which are with the “T” parts connected to one reductive valve.
Once a year, examination and testing of the complete breathing apparatus are done by the authorized institution and for those the usable license is issued.
In the territory of the Republic of Sprska, actually Bosnia and Herzegovina examination and testing of the breathing apparatus are done on the base of Command about obligatory attesting of apparatus for protection of respiratory organs by “Official Gazette SFRJ” nb. 49/87.
Because of a bigger safety and possibilities to monitor users, on the belt of the breathing apparatus, a motion sensor is set or it is already integrated into the apparatus. After putting the apparatus on the user`s back, a motion sensor is activated, taking out a key for blocking. If a user rests, after 20 seconds, a prior to signal is activated, and if in after next 5 seconds, any movement is not realized, a sound signal of 95 dB is activated, which means that a user is in a big danger, or in the unconsciousness or he was injured because of the consequences of collapse, or falling from some height, explosion… If a user who has not been injured or hurt, he can cancel a sound alarm by putting the identification key into a motion sensor. On new devices there is a possibility of following a user with the electronic way, what offers a great advantage to a operator of the action so he can know in any moment where every fireman is or if a sound alarm is activated, and his location and evacuation. The device is charged with its own source—battery.
5. Conclusions
Protection of the respiratory organs during the intervention of firemen is very demanding because any protection is not 100% safe, and there is always possibility that this one let down. Understanding the principle of working and the intention of the breathing apparatus, it can be guessed what kind of consequences might be caused by their incorrect using and maintaining. To avoid these dangers, it is necessary to follow the producer`s instruction, to have everyday checks, and periodic checks (after using) in the own workshops of firebrigades, as well as regular annual attesting at the authorized institutions. It would be desirable that all bigger fire brigades are equipped with the control devices, and to test insulating apparatus, but also to modernize all these ones with new apparatus in which move sensors and transmitters are already integrated, with which the safety of users would increase and their monitoring during the intervention. Purchase of current equipment, education and trainings, reduce the risks of injuring of a user and damaging the equipment.
References
[1] Available online at: http://www.interspiro.com/ firefighting, accessed: October 15, 2010.
[2] M. Zagorac, Industrial toxicology, Faculty of Protection at Work, Ni?, 1978, p. 96.
[3] M. Ga?i?, Protection from fires and explosion, Faculty of Mechanical, University in Banjaluka, Banja Luka, 2002, p. 53, p. 55.
[4] G. Delez, V. Obuljen, Chemical Noxiousness-Noxious and Toxic Matters in the Industry, High Technical School for Safety at Work and Protection from Fires at University “Mo?a Pijade” Zagreb, 1973, p. 5, p. 187, p. 188.
[5] ?. Agovi?, Protection at work, Economic Review, Belgrade, 1976, p. 307.
[6] V. Kosti?, Basics of preventive protection from fires, Fire-Fighting Association of Yugoslavia, Belgrade, 1983, pp. 21-22, pp. 28-29.
[7] M. Devi?, Personal protective means, Library of Professional Edition, Zagreb, 1983, pp. 57-83.
[8] Available online at: http://www.msasaefty.rs, accessed: January 27, 2011.
[9] P. Grom, Fire Brigade Ljubljana, available online at: http://www.upvh/breathing apparatus, accessed: August 04, 2010.
[10] M. Dubravac, Basics of respiratory system protection, Fire School, Ljubljana, 2009, p. 20.