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Stem cells are cells that can self-renew and differentiate.Conceptually,stem cells should be able to generate all functional cells that are required for cell therapy and tissue engineering.Although naturally existing stem cells can be harvested from different parts of the body through various developmental stages,the technical difficulties in obtaining,maintaining and differentiating stem cells hindered the progress of stem cell application in regenerative medicine.In2006,Yamanaka et al.reported a groundbreaking finding that somatic cells(for example,fibroblasts)can be“artificially”induced to a pluripotent state by introduction of four transcription factors—Oct4,Sox2,c-Myc and Klf4,and the resultant cells were named induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)[1].In 2010,Wernig et al.found that fibroblasts can be directly converted to another kind of somatic
Stem cells are cells that can self-renew and differentiate .Conceptually, stem cells should be able to generate all functional cells that are required for cell therapy and tissue engineering. Although naturally existing stem cells can be harvested from different parts of the body through various developmental stages, the technical difficulties in obtaining, maintaining and differentiating stem cells hindered the progress of stem cell application in regenerative medicine. In 2006, Yamanaka et al. reported a groundbreaking finding that somatic cells (for example, fibroblasts) can be “artificially ”induced to a pluripotent state by introduction of four transcription factors-Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4, and the resultant cells were named induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) [1] .In 2010, Wernig et al. found that fibroblasts can be directly converted to another kind of somatic