It is widely recognized that climate change is one of the greatest challenges humanity faces in the 21st century[1,2]. As the leading authority for the assessment of climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its special report on global warming of 1.5 ℃, has concluded that human activities have caused approximately 1.0 ℃ of global warming above pre-industrial levels, with a likely increase of 1.5 ℃ between 2030 and 2052[3]. Climate-related risks for natural and human systems are projected to increase with global warming of 1.5 ℃, and increase further with 2 ℃ or above. These risks depend on the magnitude and rate of warming, geographic location, levels of development and vulnerability, and on the choices and implementation of adaptation and mitigation options.