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短文改错题型主要检测同学们发现、判断和纠正文章中错误的能力,从而考查同学们在语篇中综合运用英语知识的准确性,是集多项语法规则和多种语言技能于一身的综合性试题。短文改错题型是每年高考英语试题中全国平均得分最低的题型。究其原因除了答题时间安排不当等一些客观因素外,主要原因在于同学们未能从整体上理解、从宏观上把握和分析其设题规律。笔者现从2005年全国各地高考短文改错题入手,分析其考查重点及设题规律,以期对同学们有所帮助。
由上表的统计分析可见:动词乃重中之中,其次是介词与连词,再就是名词与冠词、形容词与副词、代词。下面有针对性地讲述一些答题技巧。
一、对名词与冠词的考查
名词与冠词的关系十分密切,就名词而言,首先要弄清名词是可数名词还是不可数名词,以及当名词前有表示“多个的”修饰语时,可数名词的复数变化。就冠词而言,要注意不定冠词a与an的区别,定冠词the的使用规则。
例1 I came to understand that it was not easy to earn money,and knowledges could change my life.
解析 knowledge是不可数名词,故将knowledges改为knowledge。
例2 We have spent several precious weekend in learning in the English Club.
解析 weekend 是可数名词,前面有several修饰,故将weekend改为weekends。
例3 I hope you’ve had pleasant journey home and will come to China.
解析 journey是可数名词,故须在pleasant前面加a。
例4 The next day,my mother found drink when she was doing the housework.
解析 drink一词在文章前面已出现过,故在其前面须用定冠词the。
例5 Although we have been members for a short period of time,we have made a great progress.
解析 progress是不可数名词,故将其前的a删去。
二、对代词的考查
首先要弄清代词主要有人称代词、物主代词、反身代词和指示代词等类别,还要注意代词的各人称之间和单复数之间的误用,人称代词宾格与反身代词的误用,更要重视it的用法特点和注意用来引导从句的关系代词that,what,which,as之间的误用。
例6 Some students may also save up for our college or future use.
解析 our应改为their,根据语意判断指的是一些学生的。
例7 I said,“Yes.”I felt very pleased with me.
解析 me应改为myself,这样才能和主语 I 保持一致。
例8 This is not surprising that the Silver Ghost was regarded as“the best car in the world”.
解析 由that引导的主语从句只能由it来指代,故将This改为It。
例9 We often played a trick on himself.
解析 句子的主语是we,故himself应改为him。
三、对动词的考察
动词是短文改错的重点和难点,考查的内容涉及到动词的时态(主要是一般现在时变成一般过去时,一般过去时变成现在完成时)和语态误用(主要是be动词的误用),非谓语动词的误用(主要是现在分词与过去分词之间的误用,动词不定式符号to的误用,动词原形变成动名词或现在分词的误用等),动词的主谓一致,以及动词的错用(如came与went的错用,此处涉及行文逻辑问题)。
例10 I will write again and send you the photos we take together.
解析 take改为took,根据句意指的是拍过的照片。
例11 Since long ago,many adults and children called their friends together to spend hours.
解析 句首有since引导的时间状语,句子应用现在完成时,故须在called前面加have.
例12 Seeing his strong interest in this game of 22 men run after a ball,I decided to sit down.
解析 句中有介词in,故后面动词须改为动名词,run改为running。
例13 I knocked at the door and was delighting when a pleasant old man opened the door.
解析 delighting表示“令人高兴的”,用来修饰物,而这里是用来修饰人的,表示“感到高兴”,故将delighting改为delighted。
例14 We’re busy prepare for our trips.
解析 be busy doing表示“忙于做某事”,故将prepare改为preparing。
四、对形容词与副词的考查
对形容词与副词的考查,主要涉及它们之间的相互误用,另外同学们应该注意形容词与名词或代词的位置关系,副词与动词的位置关系,以及形容词与副词的位置关系。
例15 My pronunciation was terribly.
解析 was后面应该由形容词作表语,用来说明主语的特征或状态,故将terribly改为terrible。
例16 She looked at me serious and said,“It’s bad to tell lies!”
解析 修饰句中充当谓语的动词短语“look at”须用副词,故serious应改为seriously。
例17 Both the diet and the exercise will help me to lose weight and feel more better.
解析 句中已经用了better一词表示比较等级,故more须改为much。
例18 The medicine had so a bitter taste that I took it mixed in orange juices.
解析 a bitter taste是名词短语,不能用so修饰,故so应改为such。
五、对介词与连词的考查
对介词的考查主要涉及到相关介词的误用(如:through与across,in与on,by与with等),动词与介词,介词与名词之间的搭配问题。而对连词的考查则主要涉及两类,即并列连词和从属连词。考查点则主要是并列连词(分递进式、转折式、选择式和因果式四种)之间的误用(主要是and,but,or和so之间的误用),从属连词之间的误用(如if与whether,as与as if,unless与while等),以及并列连词与从属连词之间的误用等。
例19 I found the game exciting,and my dad explained for the rules.
解析 explain是及物动词,后面应直接跟宾语,故删去其后的介词for。
例20 It is bad manners in the classroom to look for what our neighbor had written.
解析 动词look后面介词的选择应由句意判断,故for应改为at。
例21 In a particular afternoon my mother brought the drink in.
解析 表示在具体某一天的下午,不用介词in,故将in改为on。
例22 They would not have to ask their parents for money or for permission to do things by the money.
解析 本题主要考察介词by与with的区别,本句表达的语意是“孩子们将不必向父母要钱或请求他们允许用这些钱做些事情”,故by应改为with。
例23 Not all people like to work and everyone likes to play.
解析 根据句意判断,应是“并非所有的人都喜欢工作,但是所有的人都喜欢玩”,故将and改为but。
例24 We would return at night to hear that he’d picked up from the radio in the day.
解析 hear后面接的是宾语从句,而从句中缺少宾语,故将that改为what。
例25 He told me that I’d probably have a heart attack while I started eating less.
解析 根据文章上下文逻辑推理可知,句中的连词存在误用现象,故while应改为unless。
(插图 陈亮)
由上表的统计分析可见:动词乃重中之中,其次是介词与连词,再就是名词与冠词、形容词与副词、代词。下面有针对性地讲述一些答题技巧。
一、对名词与冠词的考查
名词与冠词的关系十分密切,就名词而言,首先要弄清名词是可数名词还是不可数名词,以及当名词前有表示“多个的”修饰语时,可数名词的复数变化。就冠词而言,要注意不定冠词a与an的区别,定冠词the的使用规则。
例1 I came to understand that it was not easy to earn money,and knowledges could change my life.
解析 knowledge是不可数名词,故将knowledges改为knowledge。
例2 We have spent several precious weekend in learning in the English Club.
解析 weekend 是可数名词,前面有several修饰,故将weekend改为weekends。
例3 I hope you’ve had pleasant journey home and will come to China.
解析 journey是可数名词,故须在pleasant前面加a。
例4 The next day,my mother found drink when she was doing the housework.
解析 drink一词在文章前面已出现过,故在其前面须用定冠词the。
例5 Although we have been members for a short period of time,we have made a great progress.
解析 progress是不可数名词,故将其前的a删去。
二、对代词的考查
首先要弄清代词主要有人称代词、物主代词、反身代词和指示代词等类别,还要注意代词的各人称之间和单复数之间的误用,人称代词宾格与反身代词的误用,更要重视it的用法特点和注意用来引导从句的关系代词that,what,which,as之间的误用。
例6 Some students may also save up for our college or future use.
解析 our应改为their,根据语意判断指的是一些学生的。
例7 I said,“Yes.”I felt very pleased with me.
解析 me应改为myself,这样才能和主语 I 保持一致。
例8 This is not surprising that the Silver Ghost was regarded as“the best car in the world”.
解析 由that引导的主语从句只能由it来指代,故将This改为It。
例9 We often played a trick on himself.
解析 句子的主语是we,故himself应改为him。
三、对动词的考察
动词是短文改错的重点和难点,考查的内容涉及到动词的时态(主要是一般现在时变成一般过去时,一般过去时变成现在完成时)和语态误用(主要是be动词的误用),非谓语动词的误用(主要是现在分词与过去分词之间的误用,动词不定式符号to的误用,动词原形变成动名词或现在分词的误用等),动词的主谓一致,以及动词的错用(如came与went的错用,此处涉及行文逻辑问题)。
例10 I will write again and send you the photos we take together.
解析 take改为took,根据句意指的是拍过的照片。
例11 Since long ago,many adults and children called their friends together to spend hours.
解析 句首有since引导的时间状语,句子应用现在完成时,故须在called前面加have.
例12 Seeing his strong interest in this game of 22 men run after a ball,I decided to sit down.
解析 句中有介词in,故后面动词须改为动名词,run改为running。
例13 I knocked at the door and was delighting when a pleasant old man opened the door.
解析 delighting表示“令人高兴的”,用来修饰物,而这里是用来修饰人的,表示“感到高兴”,故将delighting改为delighted。
例14 We’re busy prepare for our trips.
解析 be busy doing表示“忙于做某事”,故将prepare改为preparing。
四、对形容词与副词的考查
对形容词与副词的考查,主要涉及它们之间的相互误用,另外同学们应该注意形容词与名词或代词的位置关系,副词与动词的位置关系,以及形容词与副词的位置关系。
例15 My pronunciation was terribly.
解析 was后面应该由形容词作表语,用来说明主语的特征或状态,故将terribly改为terrible。
例16 She looked at me serious and said,“It’s bad to tell lies!”
解析 修饰句中充当谓语的动词短语“look at”须用副词,故serious应改为seriously。
例17 Both the diet and the exercise will help me to lose weight and feel more better.
解析 句中已经用了better一词表示比较等级,故more须改为much。
例18 The medicine had so a bitter taste that I took it mixed in orange juices.
解析 a bitter taste是名词短语,不能用so修饰,故so应改为such。
五、对介词与连词的考查
对介词的考查主要涉及到相关介词的误用(如:through与across,in与on,by与with等),动词与介词,介词与名词之间的搭配问题。而对连词的考查则主要涉及两类,即并列连词和从属连词。考查点则主要是并列连词(分递进式、转折式、选择式和因果式四种)之间的误用(主要是and,but,or和so之间的误用),从属连词之间的误用(如if与whether,as与as if,unless与while等),以及并列连词与从属连词之间的误用等。
例19 I found the game exciting,and my dad explained for the rules.
解析 explain是及物动词,后面应直接跟宾语,故删去其后的介词for。
例20 It is bad manners in the classroom to look for what our neighbor had written.
解析 动词look后面介词的选择应由句意判断,故for应改为at。
例21 In a particular afternoon my mother brought the drink in.
解析 表示在具体某一天的下午,不用介词in,故将in改为on。
例22 They would not have to ask their parents for money or for permission to do things by the money.
解析 本题主要考察介词by与with的区别,本句表达的语意是“孩子们将不必向父母要钱或请求他们允许用这些钱做些事情”,故by应改为with。
例23 Not all people like to work and everyone likes to play.
解析 根据句意判断,应是“并非所有的人都喜欢工作,但是所有的人都喜欢玩”,故将and改为but。
例24 We would return at night to hear that he’d picked up from the radio in the day.
解析 hear后面接的是宾语从句,而从句中缺少宾语,故将that改为what。
例25 He told me that I’d probably have a heart attack while I started eating less.
解析 根据文章上下文逻辑推理可知,句中的连词存在误用现象,故while应改为unless。
(插图 陈亮)