马克思、恩格斯创立并开始向无产阶级传播马克思主义时,工人运动中在某种程度上存在着轻视理论,不相信甚至排斥知识分子的倾向。这是因为,当时工人运动中的不少领导人是一些还不能超越小资产阶级偏见和观念的手工业半无产者,他们对有文化教养的人和知识分子怀着一种本能的不信任。如在德国和欧洲工人运动中有很大的影响的裁缝出身的魏特林就认为,包括马克思、恩格斯在内的革命知识分子,“都不是因为自 When Marx and Engels founded and began to spread Marxism to the proletariat, there was, to some extent, the tendency of the workers' movement to despise the theory and not to believe or even exclude the intellectuals. This is because, at the time, many leaders in the workers' movement were handicraftsmen and semi-proletarians who could not yet surpass the petty-bourgeois prejudices and notions and cherished an instinctive mistrust of educated people and intellectuals. Weitling, a tailor-born who had great influence in the German and European workers' movements, believed that the revolutionary intellectuals, including Marx and Engels, "did not because of