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【摘要】本文以What we eat and how we live一课为例,突出建构主义“支架”理论在英语课堂中的渗透和运用。通过搭建阅读支架,帮助学生建构知识。教师创设“情境”激发学生的兴趣,组织各种活动,让学生在“协作”中,转被动阅读的过程为主动信息加工的过程,感知阅读的快乐,从而活跃英语课堂,提升学生的综合语言运用能力。
【关键词】建构主义 “支架”理论 英语阅读 协作
一、理论基础
初中英语课程总目标是“通过英语学习使学生形成初步的综合语言运用能力,促进心智发展,提高人文素养。” 阅读能力是英语学习的重要组成部分。因此教师应该注意在教学中加以培养,加强阅读自主性,培养学生准确捕获有效信息的能力,帮助学生解决阅读理解中的各类问题,提高他们的语言能力和阅读素养。
建构主义“支架理论”强调学生被看作一座建筑,学生的“学”是在不断地、积极地、建构自身地过程;教师的“教”则是一个必要的脚手架,支持学生不断地建构自己,不断建造新的能力。学习的过程是学习者主动建构意义,教师引导的过程与英语课标倡导的培养学生主动学习和持续发展的能力不谋而合。
二、搭建阅读支架
笔者结合一节公开课,探析如何巧妙地设计各个教学环节,通过创设教学情境,搭建支架,让学生在协作中会话,在巩固旧知识的基础上,掌握新知识,构建知识网络,提高阅读水平。
1.创设情境,激发学生阅读兴趣
Lead-in (课前猜食物,巩固所学知识)
T:Today I prepare some food for you, do you want to eat?
T:OK, good. You say “Is there an apple in the box?If you are right, you can get it. Understand?Ok, let’s start.”
T:Do you think all these food are healthy?
T:OK, let’s put them into different boxes. Are oranges healthy?
T:Is milk healthy?
T:You are so clever. If you want to keep fit, what should you do first?
(板书Eat healthy food)
2.搭建支架,鼓励学生独立探索。开始阶段,教师创设容易激发学生探讨热情的真实情境,将学生引入问题情境中让学生独立探索。探索开始时要先由教师启发引导,提供不同的“支架”,然后让学生自己去分析。探索中教师可以通过板书等形式适时提示,帮助学生逐步提高解决问题能力。
Task 1:To be a fast reader
T:Do you want to know more about how to keep fit. Ok, open your books and turn to page 70, let’s read together with Millie. First, read the text quickly and find out “Who has a healthy lifestyle?”
T:Good, now let’s listen to Kitty’s story and find out why Kitty has a healthy lifestyle. Let’s read the questions together.
Task 2:To be a careful reader
(1) Read Line 1-3 and fill in the blanks about Kitty’s lifestyle.
(2) Read Line 3-8 and match the two parts to find out Kitty’s food.
T:“healthy food”, 問 Do you want to know what is Kitty’s healthy food?Ok, now read Line 3-8, find out Kitty’s healthy food.
板书 Have…, for breakfast. for lunch. for dinner.
T:Here, I have a question. Does Kitty often eat sweets?S:No, she seldom eats sweet.
3.协作会话,活跃阅读课堂。建构主义倡导“协作”和“会话”。师生之间,生生之间的“协作”与“会话”有助于建构知识。在post-reading之前,设置了小组竞赛。前二名小组获得老师提前准备的奖品。组与组之间形成了竞争,组员之间共同合作,将学生的阅读理解能力与说、读、写其它能力的培养结合起来,通过说、写、表演等方式与阅读的交互发展来强化阅读理解力,让学生在愉快的氛围中获得知识,体验成功。
Task 3:To be a kind helper
T:Millie’s friend, Simon doesn’t have time to read the article. He is asking Millie some questions about them. Help Millie answer the questions. Finish part B4 and help Millie answer Simon’s questions.
Task 4:To be a great story teller.
T:Very good. Now let’s read the text together.
T:great. Let’s try to be a great story teller. We have 4 groups, group1 and 2, you tell us Kitty’s story, group 3 and 4, you tell us Daniel’s story. Now, discuss with your deskmate.
Step three:production:make an interview
T:Today we know a lot about Kitty and Daniel’s lifestyle. I want to know your lifestyle. Can I ask you some questions?
T:Great. Now you are the reporter from Get Fit Club, you can ask your desk mate some questions. Then present your interview.
三、结语
本节课教学从创设阅读情境,理解学生出发,为学生扫清了心理障碍,提高学生学习的兴趣;通过读前、读中、读后几个阶段营造轻松的学习氛围,引导学生采用略读,寻读,听读多种阅读技巧,给学生展示的机会,搭建起一个个“支架”,实现知识的内化、实现从知识到能力的转化;通过组内合作、组间竞争的协作方式就所读内容进行口头或者书面的陈述,及时巩固,既强化了阅读效果,又锻炼了说和写的能力,形成有特色的认知体系,提升了学力,促进高效英语课堂的建立。
【关键词】建构主义 “支架”理论 英语阅读 协作
一、理论基础
初中英语课程总目标是“通过英语学习使学生形成初步的综合语言运用能力,促进心智发展,提高人文素养。” 阅读能力是英语学习的重要组成部分。因此教师应该注意在教学中加以培养,加强阅读自主性,培养学生准确捕获有效信息的能力,帮助学生解决阅读理解中的各类问题,提高他们的语言能力和阅读素养。
建构主义“支架理论”强调学生被看作一座建筑,学生的“学”是在不断地、积极地、建构自身地过程;教师的“教”则是一个必要的脚手架,支持学生不断地建构自己,不断建造新的能力。学习的过程是学习者主动建构意义,教师引导的过程与英语课标倡导的培养学生主动学习和持续发展的能力不谋而合。
二、搭建阅读支架
笔者结合一节公开课,探析如何巧妙地设计各个教学环节,通过创设教学情境,搭建支架,让学生在协作中会话,在巩固旧知识的基础上,掌握新知识,构建知识网络,提高阅读水平。
1.创设情境,激发学生阅读兴趣
Lead-in (课前猜食物,巩固所学知识)
T:Today I prepare some food for you, do you want to eat?
T:OK, good. You say “Is there an apple in the box?If you are right, you can get it. Understand?Ok, let’s start.”
T:Do you think all these food are healthy?
T:OK, let’s put them into different boxes. Are oranges healthy?
T:Is milk healthy?
T:You are so clever. If you want to keep fit, what should you do first?
(板书Eat healthy food)
2.搭建支架,鼓励学生独立探索。开始阶段,教师创设容易激发学生探讨热情的真实情境,将学生引入问题情境中让学生独立探索。探索开始时要先由教师启发引导,提供不同的“支架”,然后让学生自己去分析。探索中教师可以通过板书等形式适时提示,帮助学生逐步提高解决问题能力。
Task 1:To be a fast reader
T:Do you want to know more about how to keep fit. Ok, open your books and turn to page 70, let’s read together with Millie. First, read the text quickly and find out “Who has a healthy lifestyle?”
T:Good, now let’s listen to Kitty’s story and find out why Kitty has a healthy lifestyle. Let’s read the questions together.
Task 2:To be a careful reader
(1) Read Line 1-3 and fill in the blanks about Kitty’s lifestyle.
(2) Read Line 3-8 and match the two parts to find out Kitty’s food.
T:“healthy food”, 問 Do you want to know what is Kitty’s healthy food?Ok, now read Line 3-8, find out Kitty’s healthy food.
板书 Have…, for breakfast. for lunch. for dinner.
T:Here, I have a question. Does Kitty often eat sweets?S:No, she seldom eats sweet.
3.协作会话,活跃阅读课堂。建构主义倡导“协作”和“会话”。师生之间,生生之间的“协作”与“会话”有助于建构知识。在post-reading之前,设置了小组竞赛。前二名小组获得老师提前准备的奖品。组与组之间形成了竞争,组员之间共同合作,将学生的阅读理解能力与说、读、写其它能力的培养结合起来,通过说、写、表演等方式与阅读的交互发展来强化阅读理解力,让学生在愉快的氛围中获得知识,体验成功。
Task 3:To be a kind helper
T:Millie’s friend, Simon doesn’t have time to read the article. He is asking Millie some questions about them. Help Millie answer the questions. Finish part B4 and help Millie answer Simon’s questions.
Task 4:To be a great story teller.
T:Very good. Now let’s read the text together.
T:great. Let’s try to be a great story teller. We have 4 groups, group1 and 2, you tell us Kitty’s story, group 3 and 4, you tell us Daniel’s story. Now, discuss with your deskmate.
Step three:production:make an interview
T:Today we know a lot about Kitty and Daniel’s lifestyle. I want to know your lifestyle. Can I ask you some questions?
T:Great. Now you are the reporter from Get Fit Club, you can ask your desk mate some questions. Then present your interview.
三、结语
本节课教学从创设阅读情境,理解学生出发,为学生扫清了心理障碍,提高学生学习的兴趣;通过读前、读中、读后几个阶段营造轻松的学习氛围,引导学生采用略读,寻读,听读多种阅读技巧,给学生展示的机会,搭建起一个个“支架”,实现知识的内化、实现从知识到能力的转化;通过组内合作、组间竞争的协作方式就所读内容进行口头或者书面的陈述,及时巩固,既强化了阅读效果,又锻炼了说和写的能力,形成有特色的认知体系,提升了学力,促进高效英语课堂的建立。