日本企业的经营管理有两个明显的特点:一是政府主导的产业政策与行政指导;二是政、官、财3位—体的网络关系。在日本,所谓行政指导不是法律,也不是政府命令,而是政府官厅的官僚们根据宏观调查后发表的自己见解,不具强制性,但各企业却不得不按这个指导去做。原因是官界对财界有审批许可权,如果反对行政指导的话,将来受害 Japanese business management has two distinct characteristics: First, the government-led industrial policy and administrative guidance; Second, the government, government and financial 3 - the body of the network. In Japan, the so-called administrative guidance is not a law or a government order. Rather, bureaucrats in the government bureaucrats, according to their own opinions expressed after the macroeconomic survey, are not compulsory, but all enterprises have to follow this guideline. The reason is that the official circles have permission to approve the financial sector and will suffer if they oppose administrative guidance