王尔敏先生有言曰:“在一定的地理环境中,和一定的政治制度下,历史就会重演。我在中国世袭专制政治历史,熟见的更番重演角色是:雄主、暗君、权臣、外戚、寺宦、藩镇、异族。”~②及至17世纪前中叶,我们熟见的这些角色又在中国的历史舞台上上演了悲壮的一幕:崛起于陕西的农民起义军摧毁了大明皇朝,朱由检在太监王承恩的陪伴下,自缢于煤山;而雄踞东北的满洲贵族,在大明平西伯吴三桂的引领下,突入山海关,大败李自成,定鼎北京。大明的忠臣义士在南方相继拥戴福王朱由崧、唐王朱聿键、鲁王朱以海、桂王朱 Mr. Wang Ermin said: “In a certain geographical environment, and under a certain political system, history will repeat itself.” In my Chinese hereditary political history, I became acquainted with the more frequent roles: the male leader, the dark king, In the mid-17th century, these familiar characters played a tragic scene again on the stage of history in China: the Peasant Rebels rising from Shaanxi destroyed the Daming Under the dynasty, Zhu Yutong, accompanied by eunuch Wang Cheng’en, became self-styled in Meishan. And the Manchu aristocrat, who dominated the northeast, broke into Shanhaiguan under the leadership of Wu Sangui of Damingping Xibo and defeated Li Zicheng and set foot in Beijing. Daming loyalist rites in the south have followed the blessing of King Zhu You Song, the king of Tang Zhu Yu key, Lu Wang Zhu Yai, Gui Wang Zhu