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目的：了解我国2012年医院临床从儿童患者分离的细菌构成及其对抗菌药的耐药性。方法收集来自全国557家三级医院和232家二级医院儿童患者分离的细菌，用纸片法或自动化仪器进行药物敏感性试验。用2012年美国实验室标准化研究所标准进行判读，用WHONET5.6进行统计分析。结果2012年共分离出儿童菌株117353株，其中革兰阴性菌株69710株，占总量59.40％。在革兰阴性菌株中前3位分别是大肠埃希菌19204株、肺炎克雷伯菌15051株及非发酵革兰阴性菌11254株（鲍曼不动杆菌5701株，铜绿假单胞菌5553株），分别占27.5％，21.6％和16.1％。大肠埃希菌对头孢菌素类和青霉素类抗菌药物的耐药性比较严重，对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物和阿米卡星仍保持较高的敏感性。肺炎克雷伯菌对喹喏酮类药物有良好的敏感性，对亚胺培南、美罗培南及阿米卡星的耐药率分别为7.4％，3.1％和3.6％。阿米卡星和多黏菌素B对非发酵革兰阴性菌有很好的抗菌活性。结论我国儿童革兰阴性细菌来源以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及非发酵菌为主，细菌的耐药性仍为严重，需要关注耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌及多药耐药非发酵菌的情况，必须采取积极有效的措施加以控制。“,”Objective To determine the bacterial distribution and drug resistance of the pathogens isolated from children in China so as to pro-vide a basis for guiding the clinical use of antibiotics, exploiting new drugs and controlling hospital infection.Methods The clinical isolates were collected from 557 tertiary hospitals and 232 second class hospitals, and antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out by means of K-B disk diffusion or automatic bacterial identifying system.The data was analyzed with WNONET 5.6 software by referring to CLSI 2012 breakpoints.Results A total of 117353 bacterial strains were isolated from children, which included 69710 (59.4%) strains of gram-negative bacteria.The top three of them were Escherichia coli ( 19204 strains, 27.5%) , Kleb-siella pneumonia (15051 strains, 21.6%) and non-fermenting bacteria (11254 strains, 16.1%).Escherichia coli were highly resistant to cepha-losporins and penicillin antibiotics, and remained at a high sensitivity to carbapenems antibiotics and amikacin.Quinolones antibiotics had a well sensitivity to Klebsiella pneumonia,the resistance rates of Klebsiella pneu-monia to imipenem, meropenem and amikacin were 7.4%, 3.1%and 3.6%.Amikacin and polymyxin B had favourable antimicrobial activity to non-fermenting bacteria.No strains of minocycline-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and aztreonam – resistant Acinetobacter baumannii were detected.Conclusion The Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and non -fermenting bacteria are still the predominant pathogens in children of China.Bacterial resistance situation is still serious, great attention should be paid to the carbapenem-resistant Enterbacteriaceae and multidrug -resistant non -fermenting bacteria, we must take more effective measures to control it.