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1有关清之代明,我们一直强调要纠正一个知识错误。崇祯死国、北京易手,并非明、清两朝交割的时刻。亦即,我国史上明朝段的结束和清朝段的开始,时间点不是1644年。满清立国,以努尔哈赤创建后金为标志在1616年,1632年皇太极改国号为“清”。它作为国家,非自1644年始,之前已存在近三十年,唯相对于中国乃是另外一国,并未取得对中国的统治权——即便甲
1 On behalf of the Qing Dynasty, we have always emphasized the need to correct a knowledge error. Chongzhen dead country, Beijing changed hands, not the Ming and Qing dynasties delivery moment. In other words, the end of the Ming Dynasty in China’s history and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the time is not 1644 years. Manchukuo State, Nurhachu created after the gold as a symbol In 1616, 1632, Huang Taizi change the country as “Qing ”. As a nation, since the beginning of 1644, it has existed for nearly thirty years before it is the only other country to China. It has not obtained any dominance over China -