Five crop straws(wheat, rice, maize, oil-rape, and cotton) were first steam-exploded for 2 min at 210°C, 2.5 MPa and then pyrolyzed at 500°C for 2 h. Steam explosion(SE) induced 47–95% and 5–16% reduc
Extensive acidic soils, which suffer from accelerated soil acidification, are found in southern China. Soil acidity, aluminum toxicity, and nutrient deficiencies severely limited crop productivity in